1 Manual of Operation and Instruction Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauge NOTE The Model 3440...
Manual of Operation and Instruction
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauge
NOTE The Model 3440 Plus Surface Moisture Density Gauge can be equipped with an optional global positioning system (GPS) receiver. If such a gauge is moved a long distance between uses, the GPS system must be allowed to initialize. In some instances, initialization may take as long as 30 to 45 minutes from the time the gauge is powered on with the GPS enabled. Note also that the gauge must be positioned such that the GPS receiver can receive signals from the GPS satellites (see Appendix I for more information). If the GPS does not initialize within 45 minutes, contact your Troxler representative.
Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. 3008 Cornwallis Rd. P.O. Box 12057 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Phone: 1.877.TROXLER Outside the USA: +1.919.549.8661 Fax: +1.919.549.0761 www.troxlerlabs.com
Troxler gauges are protected by U.S. and foreign patents.
Copyright 2007 – 2009 Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval systems, for any purpose without the express written permission of Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc.
Fantastic is a trademark of Dow Consumer Products, Inc. Federal Express is a registered trademark of the Federal Express Corporation. 409 is a trademark of the Clorox Company. Magnalube-G is a registered trademark of Carleton-Stuart Corporation. Microsoft, Excel, HyperTerminal, Windows, and Word are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. WD-40 is a registered trademark of the WD-40 Company.
PN 110890 July 2009 Edition 1.2 ii
TROXLER SERVICE CENTERS Troxler Corporate Headquarters 3008 Cornwallis Road P.O. Box 12057 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Phone: 1.877.TROXLER (1.877.876.9537) Outside the U.S.A.: +1.919.549.8661 Fax: +1.919.549.0761 Web: www.troxlerlabs.com Technical Support Phone: 1.877.TROXLER (1.877.876.9537) E-mail: [emailprotected] Florida Service Center 2376 Forsyth Road Orlando, FL 32807 Fax: 407.681.3188 Texas Service Center 2016 East Randol Mill Road Suite 406 Arlington, TX 76011 Fax: 817.275.8562 Illinois Service Center 1430 Brook Drive Downers Grove, IL 60515 Fax: 630.261.9341 Northern California Service Center 11300 Sanders Drive, Suite 7 Rancho Cordova, CA 95742 Fax: 916.631.0541 Troxler European Subsidiary Troxler Electronics GmbH Gilchinger Strasse 33 D.82239 Alling nr. Munich, Germany Phone: ++49.8141.71063 Fax: ++49.8141.80731 E-mail: [emailprotected]
NOTE To locate an independent, Troxler-authorized service partner near you, call 1.877.TROXLER (1.877.876.9537). Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
iii
HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL Congratulations on the purchase of a Troxler Model 3430 Plus or 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauge. Troxler continues the proven technology of its 3400 Series surface moisture-density gauges with the Troxler Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus. The Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus Manual of Operation and Instruction contains information on safely using this gauge. Also included in this manual are safety warnings, gauge setup, troubleshooting, and general maintenance. NOTE Before operating the gauge, read this manual carefully. If you do not completely understand the sections that cover radiation safety, contact your company radiation safety officer (RSO) or the nearest Troxler representative.
iv
CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS MANUAL Throughout this manual, symbols and special formatting are used to reveal the purpose of the text as follows:
WARNING Indicates conditions or procedures that, if not followed correctly, may cause personal injury.
CAUTION Indicates conditions or procedures that, if not followed correctly, may cause equipment damage. NOTE Indicates important information that must be read to ensure proper operation. KEY
Angle brackets and a different typestyle indicate a key or character (number or letter) to press on the gauge keypad. For example, “Press START” means to press the key labeled START.
DISPLAY
A different typestyle is used in text to indicate information or messages displayed on the gauge.
Diamonds indicate a list of things needed (such as equipment) or things to know.
Check marks indicate the performance of an action. With lists of check marks, follow the instructions in the order of the check marks.
Triangles indicate that more than one option is available. Carefully select the option that applies.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
v
NOTES
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Introduction................................................................................... 1–2 Gauge Parts and Accessories ........................................................ 1–5 Unpacking and Inspection ............................................................ 1–7 CHAPTER 2. THEORY OF OPERATION Density.......................................................................................... 2–2 Moisture........................................................................................ 2–3 Calibration .................................................................................... 2–5 CHAPTER 3. GETTING STARTED Gauge Illustration ......................................................................... 3–2 Control Panel ................................................................................ 3–3 Source Rod Positions .................................................................... 3–5 Daily Inspection............................................................................ 3–6 Turning the Gauge On .................................................................. 3–7 Setup ............................................................................................. 3–9 CHAPTER 4. USING THE GAUGE Taking a Standard Count .............................................................. 4–2 Preparing a Test Site ..................................................................... 4–7 Taking Measurements................................................................. 4–10 Recall .......................................................................................... 4–17 CHAPTER 5. SETUP MENU Setup Menu................................................................................... 5–3 Count Time ................................................................................... 5–4 Set Units........................................................................................ 5–4 Depth Mode .................................................................................. 5–4 Stat Test ........................................................................................ 5–5 Drift Test....................................................................................... 5–7 Nomograph ................................................................................. 5–10 Precision ..................................................................................... 5–15 Options........................................................................................ 5–17 Battery Status.............................................................................. 5–19 Percent Air Voids (Soil Mode) ................................................... 5–20
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPTER 6. TARGET MENU Target Menu ..................................................................................6–2 Target Values ................................................................................6–3 CHAPTER 7. CALIBRATION OFFSETS Offset Menu...................................................................................7–2 Density Offset................................................................................7–3 Moisture Offset..............................................................................7–4 Trench Offset.................................................................................7–8 CHAPTER 8. PROJECT DATA Project Menu .................................................................................8–2 Select .............................................................................................8–3 View ..............................................................................................8–4 Create a Project .............................................................................8–5 Erase Projects ................................................................................8–6 Output Project................................................................................8–7 Set Output Destination ................................................................8–10 Deactivate....................................................................................8–11 Auto-Store ...................................................................................8–12 Manual Store ...............................................................................8–14 CHAPTER 9. EXTENDED MENU Extended Menu..............................................................................9–2 Clock/Calendar..............................................................................9–3 User ID ..........................................................................................9–3 Customer Name.............................................................................9–3 Language .......................................................................................9–4 Source Decay.................................................................................9–5 Erase Standard Counts...................................................................9–6 Low Battery Warning....................................................................9–7 Software Reset...............................................................................9–8 Test Menu......................................................................................9–9 APPENDIX A. RADIATION THEORY AND SAFETY Radiation Theory..........................................................................A–2 Radiation Safety ...........................................................................A–5 Regulatory Requirements ...........................................................A–14 Gauge Use Precautions...............................................................A–17 Radiation Profile.........................................................................A–18 viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) APPENDIX B. TRANSPORTATION AND SHIPPING U.S. Shipping Requirements.........................................................B–2 Canadian Shipping Requirements.................................................B–4 APPENDIX C. TROUBLESHOOTING AND SERVICE Troubleshooting............................................................................C–2 Display Contrast ...........................................................................C–9 Batteries ......................................................................................C–10 Mechanical Maintenance ............................................................C–15 Replacement Parts ......................................................................C–18 Returning the Gauge for Service ................................................C–30 APPENDIX D. STANDARD COUNT LOG APPENDIX E. UNIT CONVERSION Measurement Units .......................................................................E–2 Radiological Units ........................................................................E–2 APPENDIX F. GAUGE SPECIFICATIONS Measurement Specifications ......................................................... F–2 Radiological Specifications .......................................................... F–4 Electrical Specifications ............................................................... F–5 Mechanical Specifications ............................................................ F–7 APPENDIX G. SPECIAL EUROPEAN CONSIDERATIONS Declaration of Conformity........................................................... G–2 Safety Warnings........................................................................... G–3 APPENDIX H. PRINTING (UPLOADING) PROJECT DATA Windows Hyperterminal.............................................................. H–2 Viewing Project Data................................................................... H–5 APPENDIX I. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) GPS Accuracy................................................................................ I–2 INDEX WARRANTY
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
ix
LIST OF FIGURES Figure
Title
1–1
Gauge Parts and Accessories .....................................1–5
2–1
Effect of Moisture on Depth of Measurement ...........2–4
Page
3–1 Gauge Illustration ......................................................3–2 3–2 Control Panel .............................................................3–3 3–3 Source Rod Positions .................................................3–5 4–1 4–2 4–3
Standard Count Position ............................................4–3 Drill Rod Assembly ...................................................4–8 Marking the Test Area ...............................................4–8
8–1 Spreadsheet
Column Definitions ...............................8–9
A–1 A–2 A–3 A–4
Diagram of an Atom .................................................A–2 Effect of Distance on Exposure ................................A–7 Cleaning the Tungsten Sliding Block .....................A–12 Gauge and Transport Case ......................................A–18
C–1 C–2 C–3
Adjusting the Display Contrast................................. C–9 NiMH Battery Pack and AA Batteries.................... C–11 Final Assembly, Part Numbers 110795_XXXX (3430 Plus) and 110800_XXXX (3440 Plus) .........C–19 Base Assembly, Part Number 110015_XXXX....... C–21 Scaler Assembly, Part Numbers 110791 (3430 Plus) and 110876 (3440 Plus).......................C–23 Baseboard Assembly, Part Numbers 110790 (3430 Plus) and 110877 (3440 Plus).......................C–26
C–4 C–5 C–6
x
LIST OF TABLES Table 3–1 Key A–1
Title
Page
pad Functions...................................................... 3–4 Radiation Profile for Gauge ................................... A–19
C–1 Error Messages..........................................................C–6 C–2 Typical Battery Operating Life ...............................C–11 I–1 GPS
Position Accuracy ..............................................I–4
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
xi
NOTES
xii
ATTENTION MODEL 3430 PLUS OR 3440 PLUS GAUGE OWNER
This unit contains functions that require an ACCESS CODE. This code must be entered before these functions may be used. For more information on using the access code, refer to Chapter 9.
The ACCESS CODE for this gauge is: 4708 This page should be removed if the access code is not to be distributed to other parties or users of this gauge.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
xiii
NOTES
xiv
CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides a brief overview of the Troxler Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauges, and includes a list of the gauge parts and accessories, as well as instructions for unpacking and inspecting the gauge.
CONTENTS Introduction................................................................................... 1–2 Gauge Parts and Accessories ........................................................ 1–5 Unpacking and Inspection ............................................................ 1–7
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
1–1
INTRODUCTION Since 1958, Troxler has been the worldwide leader in precision quality control and measurement equipment for the highway and construction industry. Troxler’s Model 3430 and 3440 Surface Moisture-Density Gauges have become the industry standard for measuring the moisture content and density of construction materials. With the Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus gauges, Troxler has added a number of new features to the proven technology of the company’s earlier products to provide increased performance, flexibility, ease of use, and operator safety. Using the Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus gauges, the operator can quickly and precisely measure the moisture content and density of construction materials. Both gauges feature: Two measurement modes (Soil and Asphalt) for precise compaction control readings in most construction materials: Soil Mode: For moisture/density determinations in soil and soilstone materials in layers of 4 inches or greater. Asphalt Mode: For density determinations in asphalt or hardened concrete layers of 4 inches or greater. A Nomograph function for density determinations in asphalt layers of less than 4 inches. Calibration offsets (density, moisture, and trench) to expand measurement possibilities, and to enhance gauge readings on materials that may fall outside the range of factory calibration. Over 30 functions to facilitate all phases of testing compaction on construction materials. A backlit liquid crystal display (LCD) to help the operator read the display during night construction. Easy-to-use keypad and user-friendly menus to reduce training time to increase productivity. An internally mounted beeper, which emits a short tone in response to a valid keystroke on the keypad. The beeper sounds a longer tone if the operator presses an invalid key, if the gauge displays an error message, or to signal the conclusion of a measurement. 1–2
A serial port used to connect the gauge to an RS-232 device, such as a computer or printer.
A backlit keypad for greater ease of use in low-light conditions. A remote keypad, including a START and ESC key, at the top of its source rod housing. The remote keypad reduces the amount of bending and stooping the operator must do while operating the gauge. A USB port, which can be used to output data to a USB printer or flash drive. A list of compatible USB devices is available at: www.troxlerlabs.com/PRODUCTS/PRODLIT/otherlit.shtml. In addition to its internal beeper, a louder, external beeper is included on the Model 3440 Plus. The external beeper performs the same functions as the internal one, and can be enabled or disabled as desired by the operator. The Model 3440 Plus can also be equipped with an optional global positioning system (GPS) receiver. The GPS receiver enables the gauge to store precise GPS coordinates, along with the standard date and time stamp, for each measurement. For more information on the GPS option, refer to Appendix I. The Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus gauges meet or exceed all applicable American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards (or corresponding equivalent), including:
ASTM D-2950: Standard Test Method for Density of Bituminous Concrete in Place by Nuclear Method.
ASTM D-6938: Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) NOTE As of November 2006, ASTM D-6938 replaces ASTM D-2922: Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) and ASTM D-3017: Standard Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth).
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
1–3
1. INTRODUCTION
In addition to the items listed above, the Model 3440 Plus gauge includes the following features:
Any licensing issues discussed in this manual are for the United States. To purchase a Model 3430 Plus or 3440 Plus in Canada, owners must obtain a radioisotope license from the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC). The owner should obtain copies of the CNSC Regulations and the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and Regulations (TDG). For other countries, please consult your local regulatory agency. Owners are encouraged to require study of this manual before allowing anyone to use the gauge. A potential hazard does exist if improperly used. Appendices A and B, which cover radiological safety and transportation requirements, should be required reading for all users and potential users. If these appendices are not completely understood, users should seek assistance from Troxler, an appointed Troxler representative, or others designated within the user's organization. Additional radiation safety information is available by attending a Troxler Nuclear Gauge Safety Training Course. For pricing and availability of these courses, visit the Troxler website at www.troxlerlabs.com/TRAINING/training.shtml or contact your Troxler representative. Before operating the gauge, users in European countries must refer to Appendix G for special considerations, additional safety warnings, and the Declaration of Conformity. Since changes are made to local, state, and federal regulations on a continuing basis, the owner/operator must maintain awareness of current requirements. The responsibility for compliance ultimately falls on the owner. An owner in the United States may also wish to purchase and subscribe to Titles 10 and 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in addition to applicable local/state regulations.
1–4
GAUGE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES 1. INTRODUCTION
Figure 1–1. Gauge Parts and Accessories
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
1–5
1. The Gauge is the portable instrument containing all electronic modules, the rechargeable battery pack, detectors, and the radioactive sources. 2. The Reference Standard Block provides a measurement standard for standard counts. It is also used during stability and drift tests. 3. The Drill Rod is used to drill holes for direct transmission measurements. Do not use the source rod of the gauge to drill holes. 4. The Scraper Plate/Drill Rod Guide is used to prepare the test site and to guide the drill rod when preparing the source rod hole for direct transmission measurements. 5. The Extraction Tool provides leverage to remove the drill rod from soil materials. 6. The AC Charger and DC Adapter are used to charge the gauge batteries. The ac charger accepts 90 – 220 V ac, 50/60 Hz and supplies 12 V dc. The dc adapter allows recharging from an automobile cigarette lighter. 7. The Transport Case provided with the gauge has been approved as a Type A package. Always use this transport case when transporting or shipping the gauge. 8. The Manual details how to use the gauge. Both the manual and the Transportation Guide discuss radiation safety and gauge shipping concerns. 9. A Printer (optional, not shown) connects to the gauge for printing data. 10. A Printer Cable (optional, not shown) is used to connect the gauge to a serial printer or computer.
1–6
UNPACKING AND INSPECTION
For shipping to another location or back to the factory, save the box and any packing material. For shipping instructions and regulations, please see Appendix B. Check the shipping case for the following:
Gauge Reference Standard Block Drill Rod Scraper Plate/Drill Rod Guide Extraction Tool AC Charger DC Adapter (for a vehicle cigarette lighter) Manual of Operation and Instruction Gauge Warranty Source Certificate Transportation Guide (This guide refers to U.S. standards. All other countries please refer to local regulations. In the absence of local regulations, please use this guide as a reference only)
WARNING The source rod should always be in the SAFE position when the gauge is not in use. NOTE Charge the batteries for four hours prior to initial use.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
1–7
1. INTRODUCTION
Troxler recommends that the operator wear a dosimeter while working with the gauge. Upon receipt of the gauge from the factory, perform a complete inspection and inventory. If the shipping case and/or any other part or accessory appears damaged, notify the carrier and your Troxler Representative immediately.
Lift the gauge from the transport case and inspect the outside surface for damage. Check the lock on the source rod handle and make sure the keys fit. Remove the lock, release the trigger, and check the source rod operation. It should move up and down with little effort. Return the gauge to the transport case.
1–8
CHAPTER 2 THEORY OF OPERATION
CONTENTS Density.......................................................................................... 2–2 Moisture........................................................................................ 2–3 Calibration .................................................................................... 2–5 Offsets .................................................................................... 2–5
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
2–1
2. THEORY OF OPERATION
This chapter provides a brief description of the theory of operation of the Troxler Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface MoistureDensity Gauges. The direct transmission and backscatter modes of operation are illustrated, along with an explanation of the cesium-137 source, americium-241:beryllium source, and detector geometry.
DENSITY The Troxler Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface MoistureDensity Gauges use two modes of operation: direct transmission mode (with the source rod extended into the material to be measured) and backscatter mode (with the source rod in the backscatter position, just above the surface of the material). Source rod positions are described in Chapter 3.
WARNING The source rod should always be in the SAFE position when the gauge is not in use. In the direct transmission position, the source rod extends through the base of the gauge into a pre-drilled hole to a desired depth. Photons from the cesium-137 (Cs-137) source in the source rod pass through the test material. While passing through the test material, the photons collide with electrons and lose energy. A high material density increases the probability of these photon collisions. This decreases the number of photons that reach the Geiger-Mueller (G-M) detectors in the base of the gauge. Thus, the number of photons reaching the detectors is inversely related to the density of the material: the higher the density of the material, the fewer the photons that reach the detectors. Using the gauge calibration, the gauge software converts the G-M detector counts to a density value. In the backscatter position, the source rod is lowered to the first notch below the SAFE (shielded) position. This places the source and the detectors in the same plane, with the source just above the surface of the material. Shielding between the source and detectors greatly reduces the number of photons reaching the detectors in a direct path from the source. Thus, the photons from the Cs-137 source must travel into the test material and scatter (or reflect) at least once to reach the G-M detectors. The detectors in the gauge base count these scattered photons.
2–2
MOISTURE
The gauge contains a helium-3 detector that is sensitive only to thermalized, or “slow,” neutrons. As a result, the moisture counts relate directly to the amount of hydrogen in the material. Using the gauge calibration, the gauge software converts the helium-3 detector counts to a moisture content. (Note that the helium-3 detector is in the same plane as the Am-241:Be source. Therefore, moisture measurement is similar to a density measurement taken in backscatter mode, as described earlier in this chapter.) The depth of measurement is defined in terms of a maximum depth beneath the surface of the material being measured. Of the neutrons counted by the gauge, 98 percent will penetrate no deeper than the depth of measurement. The depth of measurement is a function of moisture content. The following equations can be used to determine the approximate depth of measurement. Depth (inches) = 11 – (0.17 M), where: M = moisture in pcf or Depth (mm) = 280 – (0.27 M), where: M = moisture in kg/m3 The normalized curve set shown in Figure 2–1 illustrates the effects of moisture content on the depth of measurement.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
2–3
2. THEORY OF OPERATION
The gauge uses the principle of neutron thermalization to monitor the moisture content of a material. The gauge includes an americium-241:beryllium (Am-241:Be) source that is fixed in the gauge’s base. Fast neutrons emitted by the Am-241:Be source pass into the test material. Multiple collisions between the fast neutrons and a similarly sized mass (such as the nuclei of hydrogen atoms) cause the neutrons to slow to the point where further collisions with hydrogen or other materials will not continue to reduce the neutron energy further. These neutrons are said to have been thermalized.
Gauge Measured Moisture Content (pcf)
40 DepthE = 11 - (0.17 X M) 35 32.3 pcf 30 25 20.8 pcf
20 15 10
5.95 pcf
5 0
Gauge Measured Moisture Content (kg/m3)
2
4
6 Depth (in)
8
10
12
640 DepthS = 280 - (0.27 X M) 560 521 kg/m3 480 400 336 kg/m3
320 240 160
96 kg/m3
80 0 0
50
100
150 200 Depth (mm)
250
300
The dotted lines indicate the maximum depth of gauge measurement at a given soil moisture content.
Figure 2–1. Effect of Moisture on Depth of Measurement
2–4
CALIBRATION Troxler calibrates the gauge at the factory and recommends that it always be calibrated by an authorized Troxler service center. For a list of Troxler and authorized Troxler service centers, refer to page iii of this manual or visit the Troxler website at www.troxlerlabs.com/SERVICES/services.shtml. The operating range of the gauge is from 1100 to 2700 kg/m3 (approximately 70 to 170 pcf).
The factory calibration provides accurate results for the majority of materials encountered in construction. If the gauge is to be used to test materials not covered by the factory calibration, the readings can be adjusted using an offset. Perform a density offset if the test material is outside the density range for average soil or if the material composition varies from average soil/asphalt. Perform a moisture offset if the test material contains hydrogenous materials (other than water) or materials that absorb neutrons. Materials such as cement, gypsum, coal, mica, and lime all contain chemically bound hydrogen that will cause the gauge to display a moisture content that is higher than actual. Material such as boron and cadmium are neutron absorbers and will cause the gauge to display a moisture count that is lower than actual. Vertical structures scatter neutrons and gamma photons back to the gauge. This could result in inaccurate moisture and density readings. To take readings in a trench or within 0.6 m (2 ft) of a large vertical structure, perform a trench offset.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
2–5
2. THEORY OF OPERATION
OFFSETS
NOTES
2–6
CHAPTER 3 GETTING STARTED
This chapter provides details on getting started with the Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauges. It describes the gauge keypad, and provides instructions for conducting daily gauge inspections, turning the gauge on, and setting up the gauge.
CONTENTS Gauge Illustration ......................................................................... 3–2 Control Panel ................................................................................ 3–3
Daily Inspection............................................................................ 3–6 Turning the Gauge On .................................................................. 3–7 Setup ............................................................................................. 3–9 Setup Menu ............................................................................ 3–9 Extended Menu .................................................................... 3–11 Measurement Mode.............................................................. 3–15 Project Function ................................................................... 3–16 Display Backlight................................................................. 3–16
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
3–1
3. GETTING STARTED
Source Rod Positions .................................................................... 3–5
GAUGE ILLUSTRATION Figure 3–1 illustrates various components of the gauge referred to throughout this chapter and the remainder of the manual.
Figure 3–1. Gauge Illustration
3–2
CONTROL PANEL The gauge control panel (see Figure 3–2) contains the power switch, display, USB port (only on the Model 3440 Plus), battery charging indicator, charger connector, RS-232 port, and keypad. The keypad allows the operator to access the gauge software. Troxler designed the keypad for ease of use, with large keys and an anti-glare coating. Pressing a function key activates the function only when the Ready screen is displayed. Table 3–1 describes the function of each key.
POWER SWITCH
3. GETTING STARTED
USB PORT*
BATTERY CHARGING INDICATOR
CHARGER CONNECTOR
RS-232 PORT
* The USB port is included only on the Model 3440 Plus.
Figure 3–2. Control Panel
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
3–3
Table 3–1. Keypad Functions KEY STORE RECALL
FUNCTION Store the most recent data in the current project file.
PAGE 4–13, 4–16, 8–14
Display the most recent data.
4–17
Select or create a project file and view, output, or erase project data file.
8–2
Displays gauge status information.
3–9
Displays the gauge Setup menu.
5–3
OFFSET
Enable, disable, or change a density, moisture, or trench offset.
7–2
TARGET
Select, enter, or disable a Gmb (Marshall), Proctor, or Gmm (Voidless density) value.
6–2
Select the measurement mode, Asphalt or Soil.
3–15
Take a standard count.
4–2
PROJ STATUS SETUP
MODE STD SPACE
Enter a space.
LIGHT
Manually toggle the LCD and keypad backlights on and off.
YES
Respond yes to yes/no questions.
NO
Respond no to yes/no questions.
ESC
Return the display to the Ready screen without storing or updating the data.
0 .. 9 .
Enter numbers and access menu options. Enter a decimal point.
ALPHA LOCK
Access the letters.
BACK SPACE
Moves cursor back one space.
, ENTER/START A .. Z
3–4
Scroll through menu options or view screens. Accept data entry or begin a measurement. Enter letters. Access these keys by first pressing ALPHA LOCK.
3–16
SOURCE ROD POSITIONS As shown in Figure 3–3, the source rod can be placed in the SAFE, backscatter, or direct transmission positions. When not taking measurements, keep the source rod in the SAFE position. When measuring thin layer or other materials through which you cannot drill a hole, use the backscatter position. In the direct transmission positions, the source rod extends into a pre-drilled hole.
WARNING The source rod should always be in the SAFE position when the gauge is not in use.
BS
2" 50mm
3. GETTING STARTED
3" 75mm
4" 100mm
5" 125mm
6" 150mm
7" 175mm
8" 200mm
9" 225mm
10" 250mm
11" 275mm
12" 300mm
Figure 3–3. Source Rod Positions (Maximum Depth of 300 mm in Increments of 50 mm) Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
3–5
DAILY INSPECTION The gauge should be inspected daily before use to ensure proper operation of all safety features. Refer to page A–10 for the daily inspection procedure.
3–6
TURNING THE GAUGE ON To turn on the gauge, press the power switch. Upon power-up, the gauge briefly displays the model number, software version, and serial number as shown below.
The software then performs a brief self-test, followed by a display test to ensure that the gauge is working properly. Following the two tests, the gauge enters a 300-second warmup period. NOTE To bypass the warmup period, press ESC.
NOTE The symbol in the upper right of the display indicates that the GPS option (see page 5–17) is installed, the option is enabled, and the gauge is receiving GPS satellite signals. This option is available only on the Model 3440 Plus.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
3–7
3. GETTING STARTED
Following the warmup period, the gauge displays the Ready screen shown below. The operator can access any gauge function from the Ready screen. The Ready screen displays the current date and time, as well as the current project (see Chapter 8), if any.
NOTE If a Model 3440 Plus equipped with the GPS option is moved a long distance between uses, the GPS system must be allowed to initialize. In some instances, initialization may take as long as 30 to 45 minutes from the time the gauge is powered on with the GPS enabled. Note also that the gauge must be positioned such that the GPS receiver can receive signals from the GPS satellites (see Appendix I for more information). If the GPS does not initialize within 45 minutes, contact your Troxler representative. NOTE If the gauge display is difficult to read in bright light, adjust the contrast as described in the Display Contrast section on page C–9. After 5 hours of no activity, the gauge automatically performs a total power shutdown. NOTE If the charge calibration (see page C–11) is BAD, the gauge will not perform an automatic shutdown.
3–8
SETUP After turning the gauge on for the first time, set up the software parameters described in the following sections. Several of these parameters accessed from the gauge’s Setup and Extended menus. Other parameters are accessed via dedicated function keys. The gauge stores the software setup, so the operator does not need to enter a new setup each time the gauge is turned on. The setup may be changed at any time, however. The gauge offers a Status function that enables the operator to view selected information concerning the current gauge status and setup. To access the Status function, press the STATUS key. The gauge displays two screens of information, including the measurement units, count time, measurement mode, battery status, Gmb (Marshall) value, Proctor value, Gmm (Voidless density) value, and measurement depth. Use the arrow keys to scroll between the two screens.
SETUP MENU
Count Time The count time defines how long the gauge reads (15 seconds, 1 minute, or 4 minutes). Longer count times produce better measurement precision. Troxler recommends a count time of 1 minute for most sample measurements.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
3–9
3. GETTING STARTED
The gauge provides three different count times to be used in taking measurements. The gauge can also display measurement results in either U.S. units (pcf) or metric (SI) units (kg/m3 or g/cm3). The Model 3440 Plus gauge offers two depth modes: automatic and manual. These settings are accessed from the gauge’s Setup menu. To display this menu, press the SETUP key. For information on all of the functions available from the Setup menu, see Chapter 5.
To change the count time, press 1 at the Setup menu. The gauge displays:
The gauge displays the current count time on the first line and options on subsequent lines. To select the desired count time, press the corresponding number key. The gauge sets the new count time, then returns to the Setup menu.
Set Units The gauge can display measurement results in either U.S. units (pcf) or metric (SI) units (kg/m3 or g/cm3). To select the units, press 2 at the Setup menu. The gauge displays:
Select the new units using the corresponding number key. The gauge displays the new units, then returns to the Setup menu.
Depth Mode The Model 3440 Plus gauge offers two depth modes: Automatic and Manual. In the Automatic mode, the gauge software determines the source rod depth automatically. In the Manual mode, the operator must enter the source rod depth at a gauge prompt whenever taking a measurement. NOTE The Automatic depth mode is not available on the Model 3430 Plus gauge. 3–10
The Depth Mode function allows the operator to set the depth mode. To access this function, press 2 at the Setup menu shown on page 5–3. The gauge displays:
Select the desired depth mode using the corresponding number key. After the depth mode is selected, the gauge sets the mode and returns to the Setup menu.
EXTENDED MENU
To access the Extended menu, press . 9 at the Setup menu. The gauge requests an access code:
Enter the access code shown on page xiii and press the ENTER/START key. The gauge displays the Extended menu. After setting the date and time, user ID, and/or customer name as described in the following sections, press ESC to return to the Setup menu. For information on all of the functions available from the Extended menu, refer to Chapter 9. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
3–11
3. GETTING STARTED
The gauge is shipped with the current date and time (Eastern Standard Time) stored in its memory. In addition, the gauge can store a user ID and customer name. These settings are accessed from the Extended menu. This menu includes functions that are intended for use by authorized personnel only, and requires the use of the access code shown on page xiii.
Clock/Calendar The Clock/Calendar function allows the operator to change the date and time, and to select the display format for each. To access the Clock/Calendar menu, press 1 at the Extended menu. The gauge displays the Clock/Calendar menu:
Use the up and down arrows to scroll between the menu options. To select a menu option, press the corresponding numeric key. To return to the Extended menu, press the ESC key. CHANGE TIME. To change the time, press 1 at the Clock/Calendar menu. The gauge displays:
(Note that in this example, the time is displayed in AM/PM format. To change the format, see the Time Format section on the following page.) To accept the displayed time, press ENTER/START. To change the time, use the numeric keys to enter the new time, and the arrow keys to toggle between AM and PM. Press ENTER/START. The gauge sets the time and returns to the Clock/Calendar menu.
3–12
CHANGE DATE. To change the date, press 2 at the Clock/Calendar menu. The gauge displays:
(Note that in this example, the time is displayed in mm/dd/yyyy format. To change the date format, refer to the Date Format section below.) To accept the displayed date, press ENTER/START. To change the date, use the numeric keys to enter the new date. When finished, press ENTER/START. The gauge sets the date and returns to the Clock/Calendar menu. TIME FORMAT. The gauge can display the time in either AM/PM or 24-hour format. To select the desired time format, press 3 at the Clock/Calendar menu. The gauge displays:
Use the numeric keys to select the desired time format. The gauge sets the time format and returns to the Clock/Calendar menu. DATE FORMAT. The gauge can display the date in either mm/dd/yyyy or dd/mm/yyyy format, where mm = month, dd = day, and yyyy = year. To select the desired date format, press 4 at the Clock/Calendar menu. The gauge displays:
Use the numeric keys to select the desired format. The gauge sets the date format and returns to the Clock/Calendar menu. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
3–13
3. GETTING STARTED
User ID The gauge can store a three-character alphanumeric user ID with each measurement. To enter or change the user ID, press 2 at the Extended menu. The gauge displays:
To change the user ID, press YES. The gauge displays:
Press the ALPHA LOCK key to enable the alphabetic keys on the gauge. When the alphabetic keys are enabled, the symbol appears in the upper right of the display, as shown above. Enter the new user ID and press ENTER/START. The gauge stores the new user ID and returns to the Extended menu.
Customer Name The gauge can store a customer name of up to 12 alphanumeric characters. To enter a customer name, press 3 at the Extended menu. The gauge displays the current customer name on the second line.
3–14
To change the customer name, press YES. The gauge displays:
Press the ALPHA LOCK key to enable the alphabetic keys on the gauge. When the alphabetic keys are enabled, the symbol appears in the upper right of the display, as shown above. Enter the new name and press the ENTER/START key. The gauge stores the new customer name, then returns to the Extended menu. Press ESC twice to return to the Ready screen.
MEASUREMENT MODE
Before taking a measurement, select the appropriate measurement mode. To select the measurement mode, press the MODE key. The gauge displays:
NOTE The MODE key is active only when the Ready screen is displayed. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
3–15
3. GETTING STARTED
The gauge provides two measurement modes (Soil and Asphalt) for precise readings on base asphalt, concrete, soil, soil-stone aggregate, and similar materials. The gauge can also be used to determine the density of thin-layer overlays using the Nomograph function described on page 5–10.
The current mode (Asphalt, Soil, or Nomograph) is displayed on the top line of the display. Use the Soil mode when measuring soil or a soil-stone aggregate. Use Asphalt mode when measuring concrete or asphalt layers of 4 inches or greater. Use the number keys to select either Asphalt or Soil mode, or refer to page 5–10 for instructions on enabling the Nomograph function for taking thin-layer measurements. The gauge enables the selected measurement mode and returns to the Ready display.
PROJECT FUNCTION The gauge allows unique project names to be entered into the gauge memory. Subsequent measurements can then be stored under these project names. To access the Project function, press the PROJ key. NOTE The PROJ key is active only when the Ready screen is displayed. Chapter 8 provides detailed instructions on the Project function.
DISPLAY BACKLIGHT Both the Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus gauges provide a backlight for the liquid crystal display (LCD). The backlight can help the operator read the display at night. The Model 3440 Plus also features a backlit keypad; this feature is not available on the Model 3430 Plus gauge. To activate the backlight, press the LIGHT key. NOTE Using the display backlight reduces the battery life. To conserve battery life, turn the backlight off when it is not needed. Also note that the backlight turns off automatically after 3 minutes to conserve power. NOTE The gauge also features a hardware adjustment for the display contrast. If the gauge display is difficult to read in bright light, adjust the contrast as described in the Display Contrast section on page C–9. 3–16
CHAPTER 4 USING THE GAUGE
This chapter explains the basic use of the Troxler Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauges. Basic use includes taking the daily standard count, preparing measurement sites, setting the measurement mode, and taking measurements.
CONTENTS Taking a Standard Count .............................................................. 4–2 New Standard Count .............................................................. 4–3 View Standard Counts............................................................ 4–6 Preparing a Test Site ..................................................................... 4–7 Soil Site .................................................................................. 4–7 Asphalt Site ............................................................................ 4–9 Taking Measurements................................................................. 4–10 Soil Mode ............................................................................. 4–11 Asphalt Mode ....................................................................... 4–14 Recall .......................................................................................... 4–17
4. USING THE GAUGE
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–1
TAKING A STANDARD COUNT To adjust readings for source decay (see Appendix A) and natural background radiation, take a daily standard count. A four-minute daily standard count helps ensure the highest measurement accuracy. Locate the reference standard block shipped with the gauge. NOTE Always take standard counts using the reference standard block provided with the gauge. Before taking a standard count, ensure that the gauge base and reference standard block are dry and free of debris. Choose a standard count site that meets the following criteria: A smooth surface such that the reference standard block does not rock At least 3 meters (10 ft) from any large vertical surface At least 10 meters (33 ft) from any other radioactive source On asphalt, concrete, or compacted soil at least 10 centimeters (4 in.) thick Turn the gauge on. At the Ready display, press the STD key. The gauge displays the last standard counts for density (DS) and moisture (MS).
NOTE The STD key is active only when the Ready screen is displayed. To take a new standard count, press YES and follow the instructions in the New Standard Count section that follows. To view the last four standard counts, press NO and follow the instructions in the View Standard Counts section on page 4–6. 4–2
NEW STANDARD COUNT When taking a new standard count, the gauge displays:
Place the reference standard block on the standard count site. As shown in Figure 4–1, place the gauge on the reference standard block, with the right side (keypad side) of the gauge against the metal butt plate. NOTE Ensure that the source rod is in the standard (SAFE) position and is securely seated by firmly tapping down on the handle of the source rod.
4. USING THE GAUGE
Figure 4–1. Standard Count Position Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–3
Begin the standard count by pressing the ENTER/START key. The gauge displays:
After taking the standard count, the gauge displays the results:
Troxler recommends that the operator keep a daily log of the moisture and density standard counts (see Appendix D). To verify gauge stability, compare the daily standard count to a reliable reference as follows: During the first four days of operation of a new or recalibrated gauge, compare the daily standard count to the factorycalibrated values (which are shown on the calibration report sent with the gauge). After the first four days of operation (or after taking four standard counts), compare the daily standard count to the average of the last four counts. Acceptable standard count limits are: 1.0% for DS (density standard) and 2.0% for MS (moisture standard). If the standard count passes, record the standard counts, then press the YES key. The gauge returns to the Ready screen. NOTE The factory standard count values should be used as a reference if the daily standard counts are ever in question. Be sure to refer to the most recent calibration report for the gauge in question. 4–4
If the standard count fails and it has been more than a month since the last standard count, then accept the standard count by pressing the YES key. At the Do You Want To Erase Last Four Standard Counts? prompt, press the YES key. The gauge displays:
Follow the displayed instructions, and take four additional standard counts. The last of these counts will be compared to the previous four, and the standard counts should pass. If not, repeat the procedure. If it still fails, perform a stat test (see page 5–5) and a drift test (see page 5–7), then contact your Troxler representative. If the standard count fails and it has been less than a month since the last standard count, but the count was performed correctly and the failure is less than 5%, press the YES key. If the failure is more than 5%, press the NO key. Ensure that the gauge is properly positioned on the reference standard block (Figure 4–1). Verify that the standard count site meets the criteria listed on page 4–2. Take another standard count and accept it if it fails by less than 5%. If the standard count fails four times, perform a stat test (see page 5–5) and a drift test (see page 5–7), then contact your Troxler representative.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–5
4. USING THE GAUGE
After the standard count passes, the operator can take measurements with the gauge. When not taking readings, always keep the source rod in the SAFE position. For added user safety, the source rod automatically retracts to the SAFE position when the gauge is lifted using the handle.
VIEW STANDARD COUNTS To view the last four standard counts, press NO at the display shown at the bottom of page 4–2. The gauge displays:
Press YES to view the last four standard counts. The gauge displays the last four density standard counts. Press YES to view the last four moisture standard counts. Press ENTER/START to return to the Ready screen. Press NO to return to the Ready screen.
4–6
PREPARING A TEST SITE To ensure measurement accuracy, properly prepare the test site before taking gauge measurements. This section describes how to prepare test sites properly for soil and asphalt measurements.
SOIL SITE Locate a smooth site on the soil that is free from any large holes, cracks, or debris. If necessary, smooth the surface by moving the scraper plate in a back and forth motion. Fill any voids or depressions with fine sand or soil particles. Strike off any excess fill. Place the scraper plate back on the surface and press down slightly to level the surface.
WARNING Under no circ*mstances should the source rod of the gauge be used to drill holes. For direct transmission measurements: Put the drill rod through the extraction tool and then through one of the guides on the scraper plate (Figure 4–2). Wear safety glasses and a radiation dosimeter. Step on the scraper plate. Hammer the drill rod at least 50 mm (2 in.) deeper than the desired test depth. The drill rod increments include the additional depth. Before removing the drill rod, mark the outline of the scraper plate as shown in Figure 4–3 to ensure the gauge is placed over the same area as the scraper plate. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–7
4. USING THE GAUGE
Place the drill rod assembly on the test site.
Figure 4–2. Drill Rod Assembly Remove the drill rod by pulling straight up and twisting the extraction tool. Do not loosen the drill rod by tapping from side to side with a hammer. Also, do not rock the extraction tool from side to side. This will distort the hole or cause loose material to fall into the hole. Carefully pick up the scraper plate.
EDGE MARKS
MARK FOR SCRAPER PLATE CENTER
SCRAPER PLATE
MARK FOR DRILL ROD CENTER
METHOD 1
SCRAPER PLATE
METHOD 2
Figure 4–3. Marking the Test Area 4–8
ASPHALT SITE This also applies to hardened concrete sites and soil. NOTE These directions also apply to taking a backscatter measurement on soil. Locate a smooth site on the asphalt. Fill the voids on open mixes with sand or cement. The gauge base must rest on the asphalt, not the fill material! Ensure that the gauge does not rock. To ensure accurate readings, the gauge base must be completely in contact with the test material. If the gauge rocks, then find a more suitable test site. If taking a measurement around a core, the gauge may be moved a few inches away from the core to level it.
4. USING THE GAUGE
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–9
TAKING MEASUREMENTS WARNING When not taking readings, always keep the source rod in the SAFE (shielded) position. For added user safety, the source rod automatically retracts to the SAFE position when the gauge is lifted by the handle. If you do not hear a click when the gauge is raised to the SAFE position, look at the bottom of the gauge to verify that the tungsten sliding block is completely closed. If the gauge base opening is not completely closed by the sliding block, the block may require cleaning. Refer to page A–11 for cleaning instructions.
WARNING Do not store or transport the gauge unless the sliding block is completely closed. Increased radiation levels may cause excessive personnel radiation exposure and may violate transportation regulations. The Status function (see page 3–9) allows the operator to view selected information concerning the current gauge status and setup. To access the Status function, press the STATUS key. Check the gauge’s current status before taking measurements. Remember to take a standard count at least once each day the gauge is to be used (see page 4–2). Note that some states may require that a standard count be taken more frequently than once per day. The gauge can store measurement results in files (memory locations) called projects. For information on creating and activating project files, refer to Chapter 8. Upon completion of a measurement, the results can be stored either automatically by enabling the Auto-Store function (see page 8–12) or manually by using the Store function (see page 8–14). 4–10
SOIL MODE To measure the moisture and density of soil, soil-stone aggregate, and similar materials, follow the steps below: Select the Soil mode (see page 3–15). If desired, enter, change, or enable the Proctor value as described in Chapter 6. Prepare the test site as described on page 4–7. Place the gauge on the test area. Insert the source rod into the hole made by the drill rod. Use care when inserting the source rod. Try not to disturb the soil around the hole. Lower the source rod to the measurement depth. Release the trigger. Gently push the handle down to lock the source rod into position. You should hear a click when the source rod locks into position. Gently slide the gauge to the right (towards the keypad) so the source rod makes contact with the wall of the hole. Press the ENTER/START key.
In the Automatic depth mode (available only on the Model 3440 Plus), the gauge software determines the source rod depth automatically. Note that the Proctor value is based on soil particles 3/8 inches or less in diameter (or those passing a #4 sieve). If an unusual reading is obtained and oversize particles are suspected, rotate the gauge 90. Use the same drill hole to take a second reading. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–11
4. USING THE GAUGE
In the Manual depth mode (see page 5–4), the gauge prompts for the source rod depth. Enter the source rod depth using the number keys. For example, with the source rod in the backscatter position, press 0. Then press ENTER/START.
The gauge displays the time remaining while taking a measurement. After the count time, the gauge displays the measurement results:
where:
%PR = percent Proctor DD = dry density WD = wet density M = moisture
%M = percent moisture Lat = latitude Lng = longitude
NOTE The latitude and longitude display, showing the location of the measurement, is available only on Model 3440 Plus gauges equipped with the GPS option and is shown only when this option is enabled. The latitude and longitude values denote the quality of the location fix. If WAAS information is available during a gauge measurement, the latitude and longitude will be displayed to the nearest hundredth (1/100) of a second. If a GPS location is determined, but the WAAS information is unavailable, the latitude and longitude will be displayed to the nearest tenth (1/10) of a second. If the GPS receiver cannot determine a location, the latitude and longitude will be denoted as 0. For more information on GPS accuracy, see Appendix I.
4–12
If a project is active (see Chapter 8) and the Auto-Store function (see page 8–12) is enabled, press ESC or ENTER/START to continue. For each measurement, the gauge can store a location description of up to 12 characters, as well as a note of up to 15 characters. Follow the prompts to enter location information and/or a note. If a project is active but the Auto-Store function is not enabled: Press STORE to store the results. Follow the prompts to enter location information and/or notes. For more information on storing results manually, see page 8–14. Press ESC to return to the Ready screen without storing the results. Note that, until another measurement has been taken, the results can be recalled as described on page 4–17 and stored later. Lift the gauge from the test site by the source rod handle. This returns the source rod to the SAFE position. When not taking readings, always keep the source rod in the SAFE position.
4. USING THE GAUGE
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–13
ASPHALT MODE To measure the density of asphalt (and hardened concrete of 4 inches or more) follow the steps below: Select the Asphalt mode (see page 3–15). If desired, enter or enable the Marshall value and/or voidless density value as described in Chapter 6. Prepare the test site as described on page 4–9. Place the gauge on the test area. Lower the source rod to the backscatter position (just below the SAFE position). Release the trigger. Gently push the handle down to lock the source rod into position. You should hear a click when the source rod locks into position. Press the START key. In the Manual depth mode (see page 5–4), the gauge prompts for the source rod depth. Enter the source rod depth using the number keys. For example, with the source rod in the backscatter position, press 0. Then, press ENTER/START. In the Automatic depth mode (available only on the Model 3440 Plus), the gauge software determines the source rod depth automatically. The gauge displays the time remaining while taking a measurement.
4–14
After the count time, the gauge displays the measurement results:
where: %Gmb = percent of laboratory bulk density WD = wet density M = moisture value %M = percent moisture
WD %Voids 100 1 Voidless (displayed only when enabled)
Lat = latitude Lng = longitude NOTE The latitude and longitude display, showing the location of the measurement, is available only on Model 3440 Plus gauges equipped with the GPS option and is shown only when this option is enabled.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–15
4. USING THE GAUGE
The latitude and longitude values denote the quality of the location fix. If WAAS information is available during a gauge measurement, the latitude and longitude will be displayed to the nearest hundredth (1/100) of a second. If a GPS location is determined, but the WAAS information is unavailable, the latitude and longitude will be displayed to the nearest tenth (1/10) of a second. If the GPS receiver cannot determine a location, the latitude and longitude will be denoted as 0. For more information on GPS accuracy, see Appendix I.
If a project is active (see Chapter 8) and the Auto-Store function (see page 8–12) is enabled, press ESC or ENTER/START to continue. For each measurement, the gauge can store a location description of up to 12 characters, as well as a note of up to 15 characters. For an Asphalt mode measurement, the gauge can also store location with respect to the centerline (left, right, or neither), and the distance from the centerline. Follow the prompts to enter location information and/or a note. If a project is active but the Auto-Store function is not enabled: Press STORE to store the results. Follow the prompts to enter location information and/or notes. For more information on storing results manually, see page 8–14. Press ESC to return to the Ready screen without storing the results. Note that, until another measurement has been taken, the results can be recalled as described on page 4–17. Lift the gauge from the test site using the source rod handle. This returns the source rod to the SAFE position. When not taking readings, always keep the source rod in the SAFE position.
4–16
RECALL To view the results of the most recent measurement, press the RECALL key from the Ready screen. To return to the Ready screen, press the ENTER/START key. NOTE The RECALL key is active only when the Ready screen is displayed. NOTE The Recall function can also be used to view the gauge counts from the most recent measurement.
4. USING THE GAUGE
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
4–17
NOTES
4–18
CHAPTER 5 5. SETUP MENU
SETUP MENU
The gauge software includes a Setup menu that allows the operator to manually set or change operating parameters of the gauge. This chapter describes these parameters.
CONTENTS Setup Menu................................................................................... 5–3 Count Time ................................................................................... 5–4 Set Units........................................................................................ 5–4 Depth Mode .................................................................................. 5–4 Stat Test ........................................................................................ 5–5 Taking a Stat Test................................................................... 5–5 Reviewing the Stat Test.......................................................... 5–6 Printing the Stat Test .............................................................. 5–6 Drift Test....................................................................................... 5–7 Taking a Drift Test ................................................................. 5–8 Reviewing the Drift Test ........................................................ 5–9 Printing the Drift Test ............................................................ 5–9 Nomograph ................................................................................. 5–10 Enable Nomograph............................................................... 5–11 Disable Nomograph.............................................................. 5–11 Change/View Nomograph Data ........................................... 5–11 Taking Nomograph Measurements ...................................... 5–14
Model 3450
5–1
CONTENTS (Continued) Precision ......................................................................................5–15 Options ........................................................................................5–17 External Beeper.....................................................................5–17 GPS Option ...........................................................................5–17 Battery Status ..............................................................................5–19 Percent Air Voids (Soil Mode)....................................................5–20
5–2
SETUP MENU 5. SETUP MENU
The gauge software groups most of the setup features into one menu. To access the Setup menu, press the SETUP key. The gauge displays:
NOTE The SETUP key is active only when the Ready screen is displayed. Use the arrows keys to scroll through the menu screens. To select a menu option, use the number key that corresponds to that option. The remainder of this section provides details on the functions available from the Setup menu.
Model 3450
5–3
COUNT TIME The gauge provides three different count times for taking measurements. The Count Time function is described on page 3–9.
SET UNITS The gauge can display measurement results in either U.S. units (pcf) or metric (SI) units (kg/m3 or g/cm3). The Set Units function is described on page 3–10.
DEPTH MODE The Model 3440 Plus gauge offers two depth modes: Automatic and Manual. The Depth Mode function allows the operator to set the depth mode, as described on page 3–10.
5–4
STAT TEST
A stat test consists of twenty 1-minute counts. From the twenty counts, the gauge calculates the standard deviation. This standard deviation is compared to a theoretical standard deviation value. Ideally, this ratio should be 0.25, with acceptable limits from 0.17 to 0.33. The gauge is considered unstable if the ratio is outside these limits and the stat test will fail. If the stat test fails, ensure that the gauge setup and testing was conducted correctly, and take an additional test. If the second test fails, contact the nearest Troxler service center for assistance. For a list of Troxler and authorized Troxler service centers, refer to page iii of this manual or visit the Troxler website at www.troxlerlabs.com/SERVICES/services.shtml. To access the Stat Test function, press 4 at the Setup menu. The gauge displays the Stat Test menu:
To select a menu option, press the corresponding numeric key or press ESC to return to the Setup menu.
TAKING A STAT TEST Choose an area free of other nuclear gauges or radioactive sources. Place the gauge on the reference standard block as shown in Figure 4–1 on page 4–3. To take a new stat test, press 1 at the Stat Test menu shown above. The gauge prompts the operator to place the gauge on the reference standard block with the source rod in the SAFE (shielded) position. Ensure that the gauge is properly positioned and press the ENTER/START key. Model 3450 5–5
5. SETUP MENU
Erratic readings, or readings that seem to fluctuate, may indicate a problem with the gauge. If the readings are suspect, perform a stat test, or statistical stability test, to validate the normal operation of the gauge.
The gauge displays the progress of the stat test (twenty 1-minute counts). Upon completion of the counts, the gauge displays the results of the density stat test, including an indication of whether the test passed or failed:
Press ENTER/START to view the results of the moisture stat test. Follow the prompts to scroll through the results.
REVIEWING THE STAT TEST To review the results of the last stat test, press 2 at the Stat Test menu shown on page 5–5. The gauge displays the results of the density stat test as shown above. Press ENTER/START to view the results of the moisture stat test. Follow the prompts to scroll through the results.
PRINTING THE STAT TEST To print the results of the last stat test to a serial printer or computer via the gauge’s 9-pin serial port, press 3 at the Stat Test menu shown on page 5–5. The gauge prompts the operator to connect the printer to the gauge. Connect a serial cable to the gauge’s serial port. Ensure that the serial cable meets the pinout shown on page F–6. An optional serial cable, PN 113128, is available from Troxler. Connect the serial cable to the printer or computer serial port. Press ENTER/START. The gauge prints or uploads the stat test data and returns to the Stat Test menu.
5–6
DRIFT TEST
NOTE The drift test consists of five 4-minute counts, whereas the stat test consists of twenty 1-minute counts. Therefore, each test takes approximately 20 minutes to conduct. DO NOT turn the gauge off between a stat test and a drift test. DO NOT move the gauge between the stat and drift tests to eliminate possible failure due to positioning changes. To access the Drift Test function, press 5 at the Setup menu. The gauge displays the Drift Test menu:
To select a menu option, press the corresponding numeric key or press ESC to return to the Setup menu.
Model 3450
5–7
5. SETUP MENU
If the gauge passes the stat test, but shows long-term drift between measurements, perform a drift test to check the long-term drift of the gauge. A drift test consists of five counts taken three to eight hours after a stat test with no movement of the gauge between tests. The gauge sets the pass/fail limits based on the percent difference between the average of the stat test and drift test results. If the percent difference exceeds 0.5 percent for density counts or 1 percent for moisture counts, then the drift test fails. If the drift test fails, ensure that the gauge setup and testing were conducted correctly, and take an additional test. If the second test fails, contact the nearest Troxler service center for assistance. For a list of Troxler and authorized Troxler service centers, refer to page iii of this manual or visit the Troxler website at www.troxlerlabs.com/SERVICES/services.shtml.
TAKING A DRIFT TEST To take a new drift test, press 1 at the Drift Test menu shown on page 5–7. The gauge prompts the operator to place the gauge on the reference standard block with the source rod in the SAFE (shielded) position. Ensure that the gauge is properly positioned and press the ENTER/START key. NOTE If it has been less than three hours or more than eight hours since the last stat test, the gauge displays an error message. Press ENTER/START to return to the Setup menu. The gauge displays the progress of the drift test (five 4-minute counts). Upon completion of the counts, the gauge displays the results of the density drift test, including an indication of whether the test passed or failed:
Press ENTER/START to view the results of the moisture drift test. Follow the prompts to scroll through the results.
5–8
REVIEWING THE DRIFT TEST
PRINTING THE DRIFT TEST To print the results of the last drift test to a serial printer or computer via the gauge’s 9-pin serial port, press 3 at the Drift Test menu shown on page 5–7. The gauge prompts the operator to connect the printer to the gauge. Connect a serial cable to the gauge’s serial port. Ensure that the serial cable meets the pinout shown on page F–6. An optional serial cable, PN 113128, is available from Troxler. Connect the serial cable to the printer or computer serial port. Press ENTER/START. The gauge prints or uploads the drift test data and returns to the Drift Test menu.
Model 3450
5–9
5. SETUP MENU
To review the results of the drift stat test, press 2 at the Drift Test menu shown on page 5–7. The gauge displays the results of the density drift test as shown on page 5–8. Press ENTER/START to view the results of the moisture drift test. Follow the prompts to scroll through the results.
NOMOGRAPH In some cases, the gauge may be used to determine the density of thin asphalt overlays. This measurement may be performed with the gauge in backscatter mode and using the Nomograph method of density measurement. It should be noted that this method is not as accurate as a true thin-layer gauge. However, this method may produce satisfactory results under many conditions. When a nuclear gauge is used in backscatter mode on overlays under 3 in. (7.5 cm), several effects must be overcome to produce an accurate reading. With most gauges, the primary problem is the result of photons from the source penetrating deeper than 3 in. (7.5 cm) and scattering back to the gauge. These backscattered photons from the underlying material will adversely influence the reading. Obtaining an accurate overlay density with the Nomograph method requires that the density of the bottom layer and the thickness of the top layer be determined. The simplest method of determining the density of the bottom layer is to take a nuclear gauge measurement prior to applying the top layer or overlay. With the overlay applied and compacted, the depth of the layer should be determined. At this time, the gauge may be used to calculate the overlay layer density. To access the Nomograph function, press 6 at the Setup menu shown on page 5–3. The gauge displays:
From this menu, the operator may enable, disable, or change the Nomograph function, as described in the following sections.
5–10
ENABLE NOMOGRAPH
DISABLE NOMOGRAPH To disable the Nomograph function, press 2 at the Nomograph menu shown on page 5–10. The gauge disables the function, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Setup menu.
CHANGE/VIEW NOMOGRAPH DATA To change or view the Nomograph data, press 3 at the Nomograph menu shown on page 5–10. The gauge displays:
To return to the Setup menu without changing the Nomograph data, press NO. To change the Nomograph data, press YES. The gauge displays:
The wet density of the underlying or base material may be entered either manually using the keypad or by using the gauge to record actual measurements. Model 3450
5–11
5. SETUP MENU
To enable the Nomograph function, press 1 at the Nomograph menu shown on page 5–10. The gauge enables the function, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Setup menu.
Entering Density Using the Keypad To enter the density using the keypad, press 1 at the Select Method of Entering Density display shown on page 5–11. The gauge displays:
Enter the thickness of the overlay (from 0 to 10 in.) and press ENTER/START. The gauge displays:
Enter the wet density of the bottom layer. The gauge enables the Nomograph function using the entered values, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Setup menu.
Entering Density Using Gauge Measurements Bottom density values may be obtained by using the gauge to record up to 20 actual measurements. To enter the density using this method, press 2 at the Select Method of Entering Density menu shown on page 5–11. The gauge displays:
5–12
Enter the number of readings to be taken and averaged, then press ENTER/START. The gauge displays: 5. SETUP MENU
Prepare the site for measurement as described on page 4–9. Position the gauge and press ENTER/START. The gauge displays:
After counting down to zero, the gauge displays:
If more than one reading is to be taken, move the gauge to the next location and press ENTER/START. The gauge will repeat the above sequence for each reading. When all the readings are completed, the display will be:
Press ENTER/START to continue. The gauge enables the Nomograph function, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Setup menu.
Model 3450
5–13
TAKING NOMOGRAPH MEASUREMENTS When the Nomograph function is enabled, the gauge can be used to take thin-layer overlay measurements. Press ENTER/START to begin the test. The gauge displays:
After counting down to zero, the display is:
This test may be stored as any other test measurement. The recall function and/or printout will show that the Nomograph function was used. NOTE The Nomograph function should be disabled before taking any measurements not requiring this function.
5–14
PRECISION
To execute the Precision function, first ensure that the gauge is in the correct mode: Soil or Asphalt. Press 7 from the Setup menu shown on page 5–3. The gauge displays:
Enter the desired precision and press ENTER/START. The gauge displays:
If the gauge is in the correct position, press ENTER/START. The gauge displays:
Model 3450
5–15
5. SETUP MENU
The gauge can produce test results with precision limits as low as 0.1 pcf (1.6 kg/m3) under certain conditions. The Precision function is used to determine the count time required to achieve the precision entered by the operator. If the precision requested is within range and the time required to calculate the required result does not exceed 60 minutes, the following procedure can usually produce the required results.
Press ENTER/START. The gauge displays:
After counting down to zero, the display will be:
To abort this operation and return to the Setup menu, press ESC. To continue with the Precision function, press ENTER/START. After counting down, the display will be: (For Soil mode)
(For Asphalt mode)
NOTE If the required precision cannot be reached in 60 minutes, the gauge halts the count and displays a warning message.
5–16
OPTIONS
EXTERNAL BEEPER The Model 3440 Plus gauge is equipped with an external beeper. The external beeper can be enabled or disabled as desired. To toggle the external beeper on or off, press 1 on the Options menu shown above.
GPS OPTION The Model 3440 Plus gauge can also be equipped with an optional global positioning system (GPS) receiver. The GPS receiver enables the gauge to store precise GPS coordinates, along with the standard date and time stamp, for each measurement. To toggle the GPS function on or off, press 2 on the Options menu shown above. NOTE When the GPS option is installed and enabled, the symbol appears in the upper right of the Ready screen (see page 3–7) when the gauge is receiving GPS satellite signals.
Model 3450
5–17
5. SETUP MENU
The Model 3440 Plus gauge offers an external beeper and an optional global positioning system (GPS) unit. These features can be toggled on and off from the Options menu. To access this menu, press 8 from the Setup menu (see page 5–3). The gauge displays:
NOTE If a Model 3440 Plus equipped with the GPS option is moved a long distance between uses, the GPS system must be allowed to initialize. In some instances, initialization may take as long as 30 to 45 minutes from the time the gauge is powered on with the GPS enabled. Note also that the gauge must be positioned such that the GPS receiver can receive signals from the GPS satellites (see Appendix I for more information). If the GPS does not initialize within 45 minutes, contact your Troxler representative.
5–18
BATTERY STATUS
For more information, see the Battery Status section on page C–10. For more information on the charge calibration, see page C–12.
Model 3450
5–19
5. SETUP MENU
The Battery Status function displays the voltage of the NiMH batteries, the charge percentage, and the status of the charge calibration. To access this function, press 9 at the Setup menu shown on page 5–3.
PERCENT AIR VOIDS (SOIL MODE) The gauge uses the specific gravity function to calculate percent air voids and void ratio in Soil mode only. The % Voids function allows the operator to enter the specific gravity of a material and disable or enable the percent air voids display. NOTE To display percent air voids in Asphalt mode, enter a voidless density target value (see the Target Values section that begins on page 6–3. To access the % Voids function, press . 0 at the Setup menu shown on page 5–3. The gauge displays:
The current specific gravity (default 2.70) is shown on the second line of the display. For optimum results, use a specific gravity value that is appropriate for the material being measured. To enable the current specific gravity value, press 1. The gauge enables the value, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Setup menu. To disable the current specific gravity, press 2. The gauge disables the value, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Setup menu. To enter a new specific gravity value, press 3. The gauge prompts the operator for a new specific gravity. If the displayed specific gravity is acceptable, press the ENTER/START key. To change the value, use the numeric keys to do so, then press the ENTER/START key. In either case, the gauge enables the value, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Setup menu.
5–20
CHAPTER 6 TARGET MENU
CONTENTS Target Menu.................................................................................. 6–2 Target Values................................................................................ 6–3 Enable a Target Value ............................................................ 6–3 Store a New Target Value ...................................................... 6–4 Disable the Target Value........................................................ 6–4
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
6–1
6. TARGET MENU
The Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauges can store up to four Marshall values, four different Proctor values, and four voidless density target values. The gauge uses the target values to determine the percent compaction after it has determined the density of the test material.
TARGET MENU The gauge uses operator-specified target values to determine the percent compaction after it has determined the density of the test material. Target values include Gmb (Marshal)l, Proctor, and Gmm (Voidless density) values. The gauge uses the Marshall and/or voidless density values to calculate the compaction level in the Asphalt mode. The voidless density is the maximum theoretical density for the test material as obtained in laboratory tests. When enabled, the voidless density is used to determine the percent air voids. The gauge uses the Proctor value to calculate the compaction level when taking measurements in the Soil mode. The Target function enables the operator to enter and store a new target value, as well as to enable or disable a target value stored in memory. To access the Target menu, press the TARGET key. The gauge displays:
NOTE The TARGET key is active only when the Ready screen is displayed. To edit a Marshall, Proctor, or voidless density value, press the number key that corresponds to that target value. For example, to edit the Gmb (Marshall) value, press 1.
6–2
TARGET VALUES NOTE Because the menus for managing the Gmb (Marshall), Proctor, and Gmm (Voidless density) values are essentially the same, the following sections describe only the Gmb (Marshall) menu. To edit a Marshall, Proctor, or voidless density value, press the number key that corresponds to that target value, as shown on the Target menu (see page 6–2). For example, to edit the Gmb (Marshall) value, press 1.
The Target Value menu shows the target values stored in memory (if any) and the New and Disable options.
ENABLE A TARGET VALUE To enable a target value displayed on the Target Value menu, press the corresponding number key. The gauge enables the target value and returns to the Ready screen.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
6–3
6. TARGET MENU
The gauge displays the selected Target Value menu. The menu for the Gmb (Marshall) value is:
STORE A NEW TARGET VALUE To store a new target value, press 5 at the Target Value menu. At the prompt, use the number keys to enter the target value (between 20.0 and 200.0). Press the ENTER/START key. The gauge displays:
To enable and use this value without storing it for later use, press NO key. The gauge enables the value and returns to the Ready screen. To enable the value and store it for later use, press the YES key. The gauge displays:
The gauge can store the value in one of four memory cells. Storing a new value in a cell erases the old value. Use the number keys to store the value. This will replace any stored values that were previously associated with the memory cell. The gauge stores the target value, enables it for use, and returns to the Ready screen.
DISABLE THE TARGET VALUE To disable the target value, press 6 at the Target Value menu. The gauge disables the target value and returns to the Ready screen. NOTE The gauge can be used with the target value disabled. In this case, no percent compaction value will be displayed. 6–4
CHAPTER 7 CALIBRATION OFFSETS
Troxler calibrates the Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauges for use on soils, asphalt, and concrete. If the gauge is to be used on materials outside of the typical operating range, the operator can adjust the gauge using an offset. This chapter explains how to adjust gauge readings using offsets.
CONTENTS Offset Menu .................................................................................. 7–2 Density Offset............................................................................... 7–3
Trench Offset ................................................................................ 7–8
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
7–1
7. CALIBRATION OFFSETS
Moisture Offset ............................................................................. 7–4 Enable a Stored Moisture Offset ............................................ 7–4 Enter a New Moisture Offset ................................................. 7–4 Disable the Moisture Offset ................................................... 7–7
OFFSET MENU Troxler calibrates each gauge at the factory for use on soils, asphalt, and concrete. The operating range of the gauge is 1100 to 2700 kg/m3 (approximately 70 to 170 pcf). If the gauge is to be used on materials outside of this range, the operator can adjust the gauge using an offset. The gauge provides three offsets: density, moisture, and trench. Use a density offset if the test material is outside the range of material composition and/or texture used during factory calibration. Use a moisture offset if the test material contains hydrogen in forms other than water, or is high in neutron absorbers. Examples of hydrogen-rich materials are cement, gypsum, coal, mica, and lime. The moisture offset for soils containing these materials is a negative value. If the material is high in neutron-absorbing material, such as boron, cadmium, or chlorine, the offset must be a positive value. Perform a trench offset before taking measurements inside a trench or close vertical structures. Vertical structures scatter neutrons and gamma photons back to the gauge. This scattering could result in inaccurate moisture and density readings. NOTE When the gauge is turned off, all offsets are disabled. To access the Offset menu, press OFFSET. The gauge displays:
NOTE The OFFSET key is active only when the Ready screen is displayed. To select a menu option, press the corresponding number key. The remainder of this chapter details the functions available from the Offset menu. 7–2
DENSITY OFFSET The density offset is the difference between the gauge reading and the density as measured by an alternate method. Wet density values should always be used for this comparison. To access the Density Offset menu, press 1 at the Offset menu shown above. The gauge displays:
The gauge displays the current density offset on the second line. To enable the displayed density offset, press 1. The gauge enables the offset, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Ready screen.
NOTE The density offset is also disabled when the gauge is turned off. To enter a new density offset, press 3. The gauge prompts for the density offset as shown:
To change the offset, select the offset sign (positive or negative), enter the density offset, and press ENTER/START. The gauge enables the new density offset and returns to the Ready screen. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
7–3
7. CALIBRATION OFFSETS
To disable the density offset, press 2. The gauge disables the offset, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Ready screen.
MOISTURE OFFSET The moisture offset (k) is determined by comparing the moisture of a laboratory sample with the gauge moisture reading. The gauge allows the operator to enter the moisture offset manually, or to have the gauge derive the moisture offset. The gauge can store up to four moisture offsets. To access the Moisture Offset menu, press 2 at the Offset menu shown on page 7–2. The gauge displays:
The Moisture Offset menu shows the moisture offset values stored in memory (if any) and the New and Disable options.
ENABLE A STORED MOISTURE OFFSET To enable a moisture offset value displayed on the Moisture Offset menu, press the number key that corresponds to that value. The gauge enables the moisture offset value and returns to the Ready screen.
ENTER A NEW MOISTURE OFFSET A new moisture offset may be entered either manually using the keypad or by using the gauge to record actual measurements, then entering the true moisture value as determined by an alternate method. To enter and enable a new moisture offset value, press 5 at the Moisture Offset menu shown above. The gauge displays:
7–4
Enter Moisture Offset (Manual Entry) To enter a new moisture value manually via the keypad, first determine the true moisture content of a sample taken at the measurement site using standard laboratory methods (for example, oven drying, and so on). Take multiple readings at or near the location where the sample was removed and record the moisture measurements. Calculate the average moisture of the readings to determine the gauge moisture content. To enter the moisture offset manually, press 1 at the Select Offset Source menu shown on page 7–4. The gauge request the true moisture value as shown:
7. CALIBRATION OFFSETS
Enter the true moisture value and press ENTER/START. The gauge requests the gauge moisture value as shown:
Enter the gauge moisture value and press ENTER/START. The gauge calculates and displays the moisture offset (K) as shown:
To enable and use this moisture offset without storing it for later use, press NO. The gauge enables the offset and returns to the Ready screen. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
7–5
To enable the moisture offset and store it for later use, press YES. The gauge displays:
The gauge can store the value in one of four memory cells. Storing a new value in a cell erases the old value. Use the number keys to store the value. This will replace any stored values that were previously associated with the memory cell. The gauge stores the moisture offset, enables it for use, and returns to the Ready screen.
Gauge-Derived Moisture Offset To allow the gauge to derive the moisture offset, the operator must determine the true moisture content of a sample taken at the measurement site using standard laboratory methods (for example, oven drying, and so on), then take readings with the gauge. To use this method of determining the moisture offset, press 2 at the Select Offset Source menu shown on page 7–4. The gauge request the true moisture value as shown:
Enter the true moisture value and press ENTER/START. The gauge displays:
7–6
As prompted, place the gauge on the measurement site and press any key. The gauge takes a 240-second count, during which it displays the progress of the count. Upon completion, the gauge calculates and displays the moisture offset (K) as shown:
To enable and use this moisture offset without storing it for later use, press NO. The gauge enables the offset and returns to the Ready screen. To enable the moisture offset and store it for later use, press YES. The gauge displays:
7. CALIBRATION OFFSETS
The gauge can store the value in one of four memory cells. Storing a new value in a cell erases the old value. Use the number keys to store the value. This will replace any stored values that were previously associated with the memory cell. The gauge stores the moisture offset, enables it for use, and returns to the Ready screen.
DISABLE THE MOISTURE OFFSET To disable the moisture offset value, press 6 at the Moisture Offset menu shown on page 7–4. The gauge disables the moisture offset and returns to the Ready screen. NOTE The mositure offset is also disabled when the gauge is turned off. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
7–7
TRENCH OFFSET To use the gauge in a trench or within 0.6 m (2 ft) of a large vertical surface, first perform a trench offset. The trench offset adjusts all moisture measurements and density measurements from backscatter to 4 inches. For direct transmission measurements over 4 inches deep, the gauge will only adjust the moisture measurements. In the displays shown below, M refers to trench moisture offset; D refers to trench density offset values. NOTE Before determining a new trench offset, ensure that a standard count has been performed recently outside the trench. To access the Trench Offset menu, press 3 at the Offset menu shown on page 7–2. The gauge displays:
The gauge displays the current offset values on the second line. To enable the displayed trench offset, press 1. The gauge enables the offset, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Ready screen. To disable the trench offset, press 2. The gauge disables the offset, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Ready screen. NOTE The trench offset is also disabled when the gauge is turned off.
7–8
To enter a new trench offset, press 3. The gauge displays:
Select a position inside the trench and the same distance from the wall as the test measurements. Place the gauge on the standard block in this position, set the source rod to the SAFE position, and press ENTER/START. The gauge performs a trench count, calculates the trench moisture and density offset values, enables the trench offset, and returns to the Ready screen.
7. CALIBRATION OFFSETS
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
7–9
NOTES
7–10
CHAPTER 8 PROJECT DATA
The Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauges allow unique project names to be entered into the gauge memory. Subsequent measurements can then be stored under these project names. This chapter describes how to handle project data.
CONTENTS Project Menu................................................................................. 8–2 Select............................................................................................. 8–3 View.............................................................................................. 8–4 Create a Project............................................................................. 8–5 Erase Projects................................................................................ 8–6 Output Project............................................................................... 8–7 Set Output Destination................................................................ 8–10 Deactivate ................................................................................... 8–11
Manual Store............................................................................... 8–14
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
8–1
8. PROJECT DATA
Auto-Store................................................................................... 8–12 Active Project Selected ........................................................ 8–12 No Project Data .................................................................... 8–13 No Project Selected .............................................................. 8–13
PROJECT MENU The gauge can store approximately 750 readings. The Project and Store functions allow handling of measurement data. Measurement results are stored in files (memory locations) called projects, which are named by the operator. Projects are managed using the Projects menu. From this menu, the operator can select a project (make an existing project active so that additional data may be added to it), view project data, create a new project, erase projects, output project data to the selected destination (via the serial or USB port), deactivate a project, and enable the Auto-Store function. To access the Projects menu, press PROJ. The gauge displays:
NOTE The PROJ key is active only when the Ready screen is displayed. Use the arrow keys to scroll through the menu options. Use the numeric keys to select a menu option. Press ESC to return to the Ready screen.
8–2
SELECT To select an existing project, press 1 at the Projects menu shown on page 8–2. If no projects have been created, the gauge displays the error message:
Press any key to return to the Projects menu, and create a project as described on page 8–5. If a project has been created, the gauge displays:
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the names of the existing projects. When the desired project is displayed, press ENTER/START to select it as active. The gauge sets the selected project as active, briefly displays a confirmation message, and returns to the Projects menu.
8. PROJECT DATA
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
8–3
VIEW The gauge offers two methods of viewing data. The operator can either view the last measurement results using the Recall function described on page 4–17, or any measurement results, including project notes, stored in a project file using the View function available from the Projects menu. To view data stored in a project file, press 2 at the Projects menu. The gauge displays:
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the project names. Press ENTER/START when the gauge displays the desired project name. If any measurement data has been stored in the selected project file, the gauge displays the data for the first measurement. Six screens of information are displayed for each measurement. Use the up and down arrows to scroll through the project data. Press the ESC key to return to the project selection screen shown above.
8–4
CREATE A PROJECT To create a new project, press 3 at the Projects menu shown on page 8–2. The gauge displays:
Press the ALPHA LOCK key to enable the alphabetic keys on the gauge. When the alphabetic keys are enabled, the symbol appears in the upper right of the display, as shown above. Enter the project name (up to twelve alphanumeric characters) and press the ENTER/START key. The gauge displays:
To save the new project name without activating it, press NO. The gauge saves the new project, briefly displays the name of the active project (if any), and returns to the Projects menu. To save the new project name and activate the project, press YES. The gauge enables the new project, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Projects menu. 8. PROJECT DATA
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
8–5
ERASE PROJECTS To erase either a selected project file or all project files, press 4 at the Projects menu shown on page 8–2. The gauge displays the Erase menu:
To erase a single project, press 1. If more than one project has been created, the gauge displays:
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the project names displayed on the first line. When the gauge displays the desired project, press ENTER/START. At the Are you sure? prompt, press the YES key. The gauge erases the project and returns to the Projects menu. To erase all projects, press 2 at the Erase menu. At the Are You Sure? prompt, press the YES key. The gauge erases all the projects and returns to the Projects menu.
8–6
OUTPUT PROJECT The Output Project function within the Projects menu allows the operator to print (or upload) project data stored in the gauge to a computer or serial printer connected to the serial port, or to a USB printer or flash drive connected to the USB port. To select the output destination, see page 8–10. NOTE The USB port is included only on Model 3440 Plus gauges. To output project data via the 9-pin serial port, connect a serial cable to the port. Ensure that the serial cable meets the pinout shown on page F–6. An optional serial cable, PN 113128, is available from Troxler. Connect the serial cable to the printer (or computer) serial port. NOTE To upload data to a computer, use the HyperTerminal application available from the Windows Accessories menu. This application can be used to transfer data from the gauge to the computer. For more information on setting up HyperTerminal to communicate with the gauge, see Appendix H. To output project data to a USB printer via the USB port, connect a USB cable to the USB port and connect the cable to the USB printer. To output project data to a USB flash drive, connect the flash drive directly to the USB port.
8. PROJECT DATA
NOTE The opening for the USB port will accept a device with maximum dimensions of 10 mm (0.40 in.) high by 29 mm (0.79 in.) wide. NOTE A list of compatible USB devices is available at: www.troxlerlabs.com/PRODUCTS/PRODLIT/otherlit.shtml
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
8–7
At the Projects menu shown on page 8–2, press 5. The gauge request the output format as shown:
The 32 Column Report option is formatted for a standard printer width. This format is recommended when outputting the data to a printer. The Spreadsheet option is sent in a comma-delimited format, which can then be imported easily into a spreadsheet program, such as Microsoft Excel. Figure 8–1 defines the information contained in each column of the spreadsheet. Press 1 or 2 to select the desired output format. The gauge displays:
From this menu, the gauge can print (or upload) either a single project or all projects. To output a single project, press 1. The gauge displays:
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the project names displayed on the first line. When the gauge displays the desired project, press ENTER/START. To output the data from all projects, press 2. The gauge prints (or uploads) the selected project(s) and returns to the Projects menu shown on page 8–2. Press the ESC key to return to the Ready screen. 8–8
Figure 8–1. Spreadsheet Column Definitions Record Number Time and Date Project Name User Mode: Units Location Notes Wet Density Dry Density Moisture % Moisture %Gmb %Voids %Proctor %Voids – Soil Voids Ratio Latitude Longitude Center Line Side Center Line Distance Gmb Target Gmm Target Proctor Target Specific Gravity Bottom Layer Density Top Layer Thickness Density Offset Moisture Offset Trench Density Offset Trench Moisture Offset Model Number: Serial Number Depth Time (Count Time) Density Standard Count Moisture Standard Count Density Count Moisture Count
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
8. PROJECT DATA
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM
8–9
SET OUTPUT DESTINATION As described on page 8–7, the gauge can print (or upload) project data to a computer or serial printer connected to the serial port, or to a USB printer or flash drive (also referred to as a “thumb drive”) connected to the USB port. NOTE The USB port is included only on Model 3440 Plus gauges. NOTE The opening for the USB port will accept a device with maximum dimensions of 10 mm (0.40 in.) high by 29 mm (0.79 in.) wide. NOTE A list of USB devices that are compatible with the gauge is available on the following page of the Troxler website: www.troxlerlabs.com/PRODUCTS/PRODLIT/otherlit.shtml To select the output destination, press 6 at the Projects menu shown on page 8–2. The gauge displays:
Use the numeric keys to select the desired output destination. The gauge enables the selected option, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Projects menu. Press ESC to return to the Ready screen.
8–10
DEACTIVATE To deactivate the current project without selecting a different one as active, press 7 at the Projects menu shown on page 8–2. The gauge deactivates the current project, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Projects menu. Press ESC to return to the Ready screen.
8. PROJECT DATA
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
8–11
AUTO-STORE The Auto-Store function automatically stores sample data upon completion of a measurement. The data is stored under the active project, using a sequential sample ID number. When a new project is created, the sample ID number for the Auto-Store function starts at 1 and is incremented each time a new measurement is stored automatically or manually. To access the Auto-Store function, press 8 at the Projects menu shown on page 8–2. The gauge displays:
To return to the Projects menu without changing the AutoStore status, press ESC. To turn the Auto-Store function on, press 1. To turn the Auto-Store function off, press 2. The gauge updates the Auto-Store status, displays a brief confirmation message, and returns to the Projects menu.
ACTIVE PROJECT SELECTED If the operator attempts to enable the Auto-Store function and a project has been selected as active, the gauge enables the Auto-Store function, briefly displays the confirmation message shown below, and then returns to the Projects menu.
8–12
NO PROJECT DATA If the operator attempts to enable the Auto-Store function but no project has been created, the gauge displays:
To return to the Projects menu without enabling the AutoStore function, press NO. To create a project and enable the Auto-Store function, press YES. The gauge displays the screens required to create a project as described on page 8–5. When the project name is complete, the gauge sets the project as active, displays the confirmation message shown on page 8–12, and returns to the Projects menu.
NO PROJECT SELECTED If the operator attempts to enable the Auto-Store function and one or more projects have been created, but no project has been selected as active, the gauge displays:
To create a new project, press 2. The gauge displays the screens required to create a project as described on page 8–5. After the project is created, the gauge sets the project as active, briefly displays the confirmation shown on page 8–12, and returns to the Projects menu. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
8–13
8. PROJECT DATA
To select an existing project, press 1. The gauge displays the screens required to select a project as described on page 8–3. After the project is selected, the gauge sets the project as active, briefly displays the confirmation shown on page 8–12, and returns to the Projects menu.
MANUAL STORE After completing a measurement and before taking another one, sample data can be stored manually under the active project. Refer to pages 8–3 through 8–5 for instructions on creating and selecting the active project. To manually store measurement data, press the STORE key while data is being displayed. If no project is active when the STORE key is pressed, the gauge displays the error message No active project!, then returns to the Ready screen. NOTE The STORE key is active only when measurement data is displayed. Measurement data is displayed at the end of a reading, or the most recent test results can be displayed using the RECALL key (see page 4–17). For each measurement, the gauge can store a location description of up to 12 characters, as well as a note of up to 15 characters. For an Asphalt mode measurement, the gauge can also store the location with respect to the centerline (left, right, or neither), and the distance from the centerline. Follow the prompts to enter location information and/or a note.
8–14
CHAPTER 9 9. EXTENDED MENU
EXTENDED MENU
The gauge software includes an Extended menu, which contains functions that are intended for use by authorized personnel only. This chapter describes these functions.
CONTENTS Extended Menu............................................................................. 9–2 Clock/Calendar ............................................................................. 9–3 User ID.......................................................................................... 9–3 Customer Name ............................................................................ 9–3 Language....................................................................................... 9–4 Source Decay ................................................................................ 9–5 Erase Standard Counts .................................................................. 9–6 Low Battery Warning ................................................................... 9–7 Software Reset .............................................................................. 9–8 Test Menu ..................................................................................... 9–9
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
9–1
EXTENDED MENU The Extended menu requires the use of the access code shown on page xiii. To access the Extended menu, press SETUP to display the Setup menu, then press . 9. The gauge requests an access code:
Enter the access code shown on page xiii and press the ENTER/START key. The gauge displays the Extended menu:
Use the up and down arrows to scroll between the menu options. To select a menu option, press the corresponding numeric key. To return to the Setup menu, press the ESC key.
9–2
CLOCK/CALENDAR
USER ID The gauge can store a three-character user ID with each measurement. To enter or change the user ID, refer to page 3–14.
CUSTOMER NAME The gauge can store a customer name of up to 12 characters. To enter or change the customer name, refer to page 3–14.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
9–3
9. EXTENDED MENU
The Clock/Calendar function allows the operator to change the date and time, and to select the display format for each. This function is described on page 3–12.
LANGUAGE NOTE The Language function has not yet been implemented. The gauge supports four languages (English, Spanish, German, and French). To access the Language function, press 4 at the Extended menu shown on page 9–1. The gauge displays:
Use the up and down arrows to scroll between the menu options. To select the desired language, press the corresponding numeric key. To return to the Extended menu, press the ESC key.
9–4
SOURCE DECAY
The Source Decay function allows the operator to view how the decrease in the radiation intensity of the source affects gauge density measurements. It displays the actual density standard count, the predicted standard count, and the percent difference between the two sets of counts. The gauge calculates the predicted standard count based upon the density standard count at the time the gauge was calibrated and the number of days that have elapsed since calibration. To access the Source Decay function, press 5 at the Extended menu shown on page 9–1. The gauge displays:
To return to the Extended menu, press the ENTER/START or ESC key.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
9–5
9. EXTENDED MENU
The strength of radioactive material is measured by its activity, or rate of decay. This activity decreases with time. The length of time it takes a given amount of radioactive material to decay to half of its original strength is referred to as the half-life. The half-life of the Am-241:Be source is 432 years. The half-life of the Cs-137 source is 30 years.
ERASE STANDARD COUNTS The Erase Standard Counts function allows the operator or service technician to remove all (four) standard counts from gauge memory. To execute the Erase Standard Counts function, press 6 at the Extended menu shown on page 9–1. The gauge displays:
To return to the Extended menu without erasing the standard counts stored in memory, press NO. To erase all the standard counts, press YES. The gauge erases the standard counts stored in memory and returns to the Extended menu.
9–6
LOW BATTERY WARNING
In addition, if the battery voltage falls below a pre-determined threshold, the gauge displays a low-battery warning symbol () in the upper right corner of the Ready display. By default (Normal setting), the low-battery warning is displayed when the battery voltage falls below 6.2 V dc. At that point, the gauge has approximately three hours of battery operating life left, or less if the backlight is used. If the gauge is equipped with a GPS unit (available only on Model 3440 Plus gauges), the remaining battery operating life will be approximately one hour. The Low Battery Warning function enables the operator to select how early or late the low-battery warning is displayed. An early setting provides more time between when the warning is displayed and when the gauge shuts down. A later setting provides less warning time. To access this function, press 7 at the Extended menu shown on page 9–1. The gauge displays:
Use the up and down arrows to scroll between the menu options. To select the desired low battery warning option, press the corresponding numeric key. To return to the Extended menu, press the ESC key. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
9–7
9. EXTENDED MENU
As described on pages 5–19 and C–10, the gauge constantly monitors the voltage and charge status of the NiMH batteries. The Battery Status function enables the operator to view the status of the NiMH batteries, as well as the status (GOOD or BAD) of the charge calibration.
SOFTWARE RESET The Software Reset function sets selected user setup values (count time, measurement units, depth mode, user ID, customer name, etc.) to their factory default values. NOTE The Software Reset function does not affect the calibration constants, gauge serial number, clock and calendar settings, or projects stored in the gauge memory. To access this function, press 7 at the Extended menu shown on page 9–1. The gauge displays:
To return to the Extended menu without resetting system variables, press NO. To reset system variables to default values, press YES. The gauge resets the system variables and returns to the Extended menu.
9–8
TEST MENU 9. EXTENDED MENU
NOTE The functions available from the Test Menu are to be used by qualified service personnel only!
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
9–9
NOTES
9–10
APPENDIX A RADIATION THEORY AND SAFETY
CONTENTS Radiation Theory ......................................................................... A–2 Atomic Structure ................................................................... A–2 Radioactivity ......................................................................... A–3 Types of Radiation ................................................................ A–4 Radiation Safety........................................................................... A–5 Radiation Dose ...................................................................... A–5 Limiting Exposure................................................................. A–6 Personnel Monitoring............................................................ A–8 Source Encapsulation ............................................................ A–8 Source Rod Inspection .......................................................... A–9 Daily Inspection .................................................................. A–10 Cleaning the Tungsten Block .............................................. A–11 Leak Testing........................................................................ A–13 Regulatory Requirements .......................................................... A–14 Licensing ............................................................................. A–14 Training ............................................................................... A–14 Disposal............................................................................... A–15 Emergency Procedures........................................................ A–15 Gauge Use Precautions .............................................................. A–17 Radiation Profile ........................................................................ A–18 Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–1
A. RADIATION THEORY
This appendix is required reading for anyone who will use the Troxler Model 3430 Plus and 3440 Plus Surface Moisture-Density Gauges. This appendix covers topics related to radiation theory and the safe operation of the gauge. A brief overview of the regulatory requirements related to the ownership and use of the gauge, as well as a listing of radiation safety-related warnings and cautions, is included.
RADIATION THEORY A more detailed discussion of radiological theory can be found in the Troxler Nuclear Gauge Safety Training Program manual, provided at the Troxler Safety Class.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE All matter is made up of atoms. For example, water has two atoms of hydrogen (H) and one atom of oxygen (O), which in chemical notation is written H2O. An atom is made up of a dense nucleus, consisting of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. Under normal circ*mstances, the number of electrons in an atom equals the number of protons. The number of protons in the atom is called the atomic number (Z). A chemical element consists of all atoms having the same atomic number. The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus is called the atomic mass (A). Atoms of a given chemical element can exist in slightly different variants called isotopes that have different atomic masses. For example, carbon-12 (C-12) is non-radioactive and carbon-14 (C-14) is radioactive. Isotopes that are radioactive are termed radioisotopes or radionuclides. Figure A–1 depicts a helium atom consisting of two protons and two neutrons in the nucleus and two orbiting electrons.
ELECTRONS
NEUTRON
Figure A–1. Diagram of an Atom Appendix A–2
PROTON
RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is the spontaneous transformation (or disintegration) of an unstable nucleus into a more stable configuration accompanied by the emission of radiation.
In the Standard International (SI) (or metric) system, the unit of activity is the becquerel (Bq), which equals one disintegration per second. Because the becquerel is such an extremely small unit, the activity of sources in nuclear gauges is normally expressed in megabecquerel (MBq), which is one million becquerels, or gigabecquerel (GBq), which is one billion Bq. The radioactivity of a source is not constant, but decreases with time as the source decays. The time it takes for one-half of the original atoms to disintegrate is called the half-life. In successive half-lives, the activity decreases to 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and so on of the initial value. After seven half-lives, less than 1% of the original radioactive atoms remain. Each radioisotope has a characteristic half-life, which can range from seconds to billions of years. The half-lives for the typical radioisotopes used in nuclear gauges are: Radioisotope
Half-life
Cs-137
30 years
Am-241
432 years
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–3
A. RADIATION THEORY
The quantity of a radioactive material is measured in terms of the average number of nuclear disintegrations per unit time. The traditional unit of measure for radioactivity (or activity) is the curie (Ci), which is defined as 3.7 1010 disintegrations per second. The activities of the radioactive sources in nuclear gauges are so small that they are typically measured in millicuries (mCi), which is onethousandth of a curie, or microcuries (Ci), which is one-millionth of a curie.
TYPES OF RADIATION The radioactive sources in the gauge produce four types of radiation: Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays (photons) Neutrons The alpha and beta particles are stopped by the source capsule. Therefore, they present no external hazard to personnel. Only the gamma and neutron radiation from sealed sources contribute to any occupational radiation exposure. Gamma rays (photons) are a type of electromagnetic radiation, like X rays, radio waves, and visible light. Photons have no mass or electrical charge, and travel at the speed of light. Gamma rays are energetic and penetrating. Dense materials (such as lead, tungsten, and so on) provide the best shielding against gamma radiation. Neutrons are a form of particulate radiation but, unlike alpha and beta particles, they have no electrical charge. This makes neutron radiation very penetrating. Fast neutrons lose energy primarily by so-called “billiard ball” elastic collisions with the nuclei of low atomic number atoms, especially hydrogen. The best shielding materials for fast neutrons are those with a high hydrogen content, such as water, concrete, and polyethylene.
Appendix A–4
RADIATION SAFETY This section discusses the principles of general radiation safety. This information includes specific procedures for operating, inspecting, cleaning, and leak testing the gauge to ensure safe operation.
RADIATION DOSE
For purposes of radiation protection, the basic unit of radiation dose is the rem. The SI unit is the sievert (Sv), where 1 Sv = 100 rem. The rem is a relatively large unit, so often radiation dose is expressed in smaller units called millirem (mrem), where 1 rem = 1000 mrem. The risk of injury from radiation is generally related to the total radiation dose received over a period of time. It is also related to the dose rate, which is the amount of dose received per unit time. The same amount of radiation received over a long period (months to years) is much less hazardous than if received over a very short period (hours). This has to do with the body’s ability to repair cell damage caused by the radiation. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has established the following limits on the amount of whole body radiation exposure that individuals may safely receive from licensed radioactive materials. Type of Individual
Dose Limit
Adult worker
5000 mrem per year
Minor (under 18 years old)
500 mrem per year
Member of the public
100 mrem per year
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–5
A. RADIATION THEORY
Radiation cannot be detected by any of the human senses (sight, touch, hearing, smell). However, using appropriate instruments and devices, radiation can be detected and measured at levels far below those that significantly affect health.
LIMITING EXPOSURE Under average conditions, an individual working with the gauge will receive less than 200 millirem per year. A basic principle of radiation protection is that radiation exposure should be kept as far below the limits as is reasonably achievable. This is known as the ALARA (as low as reasonable achievable) principle. The three methods for limiting exposure are: Time Distance Shielding
Time The simplest way to reduce exposure is to minimize the time spent around a radioactive source. If the time spent near a source is cut in half, then the exposure is halved, all other factors remaining constant.
Distance Distance is another effective means to reduce radiation exposure. A formula known as the inverse square law relates the radiation exposure rate to distance (Figure A–2). Doubling the distance from a radiation source reduces the exposure to one-fourth its original value. If the distance is tripled, then the exposure is reduced by a factor of nine, and so on.
Appendix A–6
Shielding Shielding is any material used to reduce the radiation exposure rate from a radioactive source. The gauge has some built-in shielding, which reduces the exposure rate. When gauges are in storage, additional shielding may be necessary to keep exposure to personnel in adjacent areas below the dose limits for members of the public. The thickness of any material that reduces the incident radiation intensity by one-half is known as the half-value layer (HVL). The HVL of a material varies with the type and energy of radiation. The HVL values of certain common shielding materials are shown below for gamma and fast neutron radiation.
*
Material
Cs-137 Gamma Half-Value Layer
Am-241:Be Neutrons Half-Value Layer
Concrete
1.9 inches
4.3 inches
Lead
0.3 inches
*
Lead does not provide any effective shielding of fast neutrons.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–7
A. RADIATION THEORY
Figure A–2. Effect of Distance on Exposure
PERSONNEL MONITORING In the United States, anyone working with or near radioactive materials is subject to occupational dose limits. Individual monitoring of each authorized user is recommended in order to demonstrate compliance with these dose limits. The most common types of individual monitoring devices used by licensees are film badges and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) badges. Film badges are typically exchanged and processed monthly due to concerns about film fading. TLD badges are usually exchanged quarterly. Troxler offers NVLAP-certified personnel monitoring services using TLD badges. In Canada, nuclear gauge users are not normally classified as Atomic Radiation Workers. In such cases, the general public dose limit of 500 mrem/year applies. Users may not be required to wear a dosimeter. To establish the personnel monitoring requirements for your application, consult the conditions of your radioisotope license and the CNSC regulatory document R91: Monitoring and Dose Recording for the Individual.
SOURCE ENCAPSULATION The neutron (Am-241:Be) and photon (Cs-137) source materials are welded inside stainless steel capsules. These sealed sources meet U.S. and international regulatory requirements for classification as “Special Form” radioactive material for purposes of transportation. The sealed sources are designed to prevent leakage of radioactive material under severe accident conditions. They are also designed to comply with applicable ANSI classification requirements for sealed sources used in portable gauges.
Appendix A–8
SOURCE ROD INSPECTION To ensure the integrity of the source rod, Troxler recommends that a qualified Troxler service person inspect the gauge and the source rod at least once every five years. This inspection includes checking for excessive wear, corrosion, or damage that could affect the safety of gauge operation.
1. Extend the source rod just far enough to see the source rod tip. The tip should appear flat to slightly rounded and smooth. 2. Stay at least three feet away from the tip of the unshielded source rod and complete the inspection as quickly as possible to minimize exposure (the dose rate at three feet from the unshielded source is about 2.7 mrem/hr). If the visual inspection indicates that the source rod tip is broken off (source is missing): 1. Immediately contact your Radiation Safety Officer (RSO). 2. Initiate a search for the source starting at the location where the gauge was last used. 3. Report lost or missing radioactive sources to the state or federal radiation control agency in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements. Contact the Troxler Radiation Safety Department for further advice.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–9
A. RADIATION THEORY
However, as a precaution, ensure that the tip of the source rod is intact and undamaged (that is, ensure that the source is not missing). Use a radiation survey meter to check the radiation levels at the gauge base surface (without extending the source rod). A maximum reading of 10-20 mrem/hr is normal, and indicates the source is present. However, if the maximum reading is less than 1 mrem/hr or if a survey meter is not available, perform a visual inspection of the source rod tip as follows to confirm its integrity:
DAILY INSPECTION The gauge should be inspected daily before use to ensure proper operation of all safety features as follows: The source rod opening in the bottom of the gauge is equipped with a spring-loaded tungsten sliding block that shuts when the source rod is in the SAFE (shielded) position. To check the operation of the sliding block, push the source rod down into the backscatter position (see Figure 3–3 on page 3–5), and then raise it back to the SAFE position. You should hear a click as the sliding block snaps shut. Turn the gauge over and verify that the sliding block is shut. If any portion of the opening is uncovered, the sliding block should be cleaned before using, transporting, or storing the gauge. Refer to page A–11 for instructions on cleaning the sliding block. NOTE The bottom edge of the tungsten sliding block is beveled, as shown in Figure A–3 on page A–12. As a result, there may appear to be a slight opening when the sliding block is closed. However, you should hear a click as the sliding block snaps shut when the source rod is raised to the SAFE position.
WARNING Do not store or transport the gauge unless the sliding block is closed. Increased radiation levels may cause excessive personnel radiation exposure and may violate transportation regulations. If a radiation survey instrument is available, verify that the radioactive gamma source is in place by measuring the exposure rate at the surface of the gauge. The exposure rate should be approximately 10–20 mrem per hour. A reading of about 1 mrem or less indicates either that the survey instrument is not working properly or that the cesium-137 source may be missing. Refer to the Troubleshooting section on page C–2 for further instructions. Appendix A–10
CLEANING THE TUNGSTEN BLOCK
WARNING Do not store or transport the gauge unless the sliding block is closed. Increased radiation levels may violate transportation regulations, and may cause excessive personnel radiation exposure. The tungsten sliding block may require cleaning if the source rod becomes difficult to lower into the “measure” position, or if a click is not heard when the source rod is raised to the SAFE (shielded) position. An improperly operating sliding block may also result in erratic or incorrect density readings and increased radiation levels.
WARNING Removal of the sliding block results in dose rates of up to one rem per hour in the path of the beam. Stand clear of the gauge bottom while performing this procedure and proceed as quickly as possible while working in the cavity to minimize exposure to your extremities.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–11
A. RADIATION THEORY
If the tungsten sliding block is not kept clean, it may stick partially or completely open when the source rod is raised to the SAFE (shielded) position. This will result in high radiation levels near or in line with the source rod opening on the bottom of the gauge. After cleaning and reassembling the gauge as described below, check the operation of the sliding block by pushing the source rod into the backscatter position, then returning it to the SAFE position. You should hear a click as the sliding block snaps shut. Inspect the opening on the base of the gauge to confirm that the sliding block is closed. If not, check that the sliding block spring was properly installed after cleaning. If the sliding block still does not close properly, immediately contact the nearest Troxler Service Center. For a list of Troxler and authorized Troxler service centers, refer to page iii of this manual or visit the Troxler website at www.troxlerlabs.com/SERVICES/services.shtml.
With the source rod in the SAFE (shielded) position, place the gauge on its side. Clean the heads of the four corner screws that hold the bottom plate to the gauge base (Figure A–3). Using a Phillips screwdriver, remove the four screws in the corner of the plate and remove the plate. To reduce radiological exposure, stand to one side of the gauge. Paying close attention to the position of the sliding block, remove the block. Using a stiff brush or rag soaked in alcohol, clean the sliding block and the cavity. Re-install the sliding block with the angled side up. Apply a light coating of Magnalube-G paste to the top angled surface of the sliding block. Re-install the bottom plate. Do not over-tighten screws! Ensure that the source rod moves up and down freely.
GAUGE BASE CAVITY SLIDING BLOCK BOTTOM PLATE FLAT HD SCREWS (4)
Figure A–3. Cleaning the Tungsten Sliding Block Appendix A–12
LEAK TESTING Unless specified otherwise by your license or state regulations, the gauge must be leak tested at intervals not exceeding 12 months to ensure the integrity of the radioactive source encapsulation. Sample analysis must be performed by a licensed laboratory only. Using the Troxler Model 3880 Leak Test Kit (PN 102868) and accompanying instructions, perform the following procedure:
Write the date, gauge model number, and serial number on the sample form and label. Remove the control panel from the gauge topshell. Locate the yellow radiation label on the top surface of the base. Holding the wipe disk with the tongs, wipe the radiation label. Turn the gauge on its side and locate the opening where the source rod extends through the gauge base. Holding the wipe disk with tongs, wipe the area around and inside the opening where the source rod extends from the gauge base. Pack the disk, as instructed, in the envelope and mail to Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. for analysis. Secure the gauge properly.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–13
A. RADIATION THEORY
WARNING Ensure that the source rod is in the SAFE position (see Figure 3–3 on page 3–5).
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS This section summarizes the licensing and training requirements that pertain to ownership or operation of a nuclear gauge. This section also provides information on the proper disposal of the gauge, as well as emergency procedures to follow if the gauge is lost, stolen, or damaged.
LICENSING In the United States, possession and use of the radioactive materials in a nuclear gauge require a license issued by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or an Agreement State licensing agency. Detailed information on obtaining a license is contained in the Troxler Licensing Guide. Copies of this guide are available from Troxler, or can be downloaded from the Troxler website, www.troxlerlabs.com. To purchase a nuclear gauge in Canada, an owner must obtain a radioisotope license from the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC). The owner should obtain copies of the CNSC Regulations and the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and Regulations. For other countries, please consult your local regulatory agency.
TRAINING In the United States, anyone working with or near radioactive materials must complete a radiation safety training course to be designated an authorized user. Authorized users must be trained in the precautions and procedures to minimize radiation exposure; applicable regulatory requirements; and the operating, emergency, maintenance, and transportation procedures for the gauge. Troxler offers training classes designed to meet regulatory agency training requirements for nuclear gauge users.
Appendix A–14
DISPOSAL A nuclear gauge contains licensed radioactive material. At the end of a gauge’s service life, it must not be discarded as ordinary trash, recycled as scrap material, or abandoned. Instead, a nuclear gauge must be transferred to an authorized recipient licensed by the NRC or an Agreement State. For further information on gauge disposal, contact Troxler.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
The gauge owner should complete the emergency contact information on the lines furnished below. (Note that company refers to the gauge owner’s company, not Troxler Electronic Laboratories.) This information should be readily available to the gauge operator at all times. The company RSO is ____________________________________ Call the RSO at ________________________________________ The regulatory agency is _________________________________ Call the agency at _______________________________________ If a gauge is damaged, then follow the steps below: 1. Locate the gauge and/or sources. 2. Do not touch or move the gauge. 3. Immediately rope off an area around the nuclear gauge and/or sources. A radius of 15 ft (5 m) is sufficient. Do not leave the area unattended. 4. Keep all unauthorized personnel from the nuclear gauge. Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–15
A. RADIATION THEORY
If the nuclear gauge is lost or stolen, then immediately notify the gauge owner’s Radiation Safety Officer (RSO).
5. If a vehicle is involved, it must be stopped until the extent of contamination, if any, can be established. 6. The gauge user should perform a visual inspection of the nuclear gauge to determine if the source housing or shielding has been damaged. 7. Use a survey meter (such as the TroxAlert Survey Meter) to measure the dose rate at a distance of one meter (3 ft) from the gauge. 8. Contact the company RSO (name and number given at the beginning of this section). Provide the RSO with the following: a. b. c. d. e.
The date, time, and location of the accident The gauge model and serial number The nature of the accident The location and condition of the gauge and/or source The dose rate at 3 ft (1 m) from the gauge
9. If you are unable to reach the RSO, then call your regulatory agency (name and number given at the beginning of this section). 10. Follow the instructions of the RSO. The RSO may need to report the incident to the regulatory agency. The RSO may also be required to notify the USDOT of accidents during transport. 11. Before shipping a damaged gauge to Troxler, obtain an RGA (Returned Goods Authorization) number from the Troxler Customer Service Department, as described in the Returning the Gauge for Service section on page C–30.
Appendix A–16
GAUGE USE PRECAUTIONS The following precautions should be observed when transporting, storing, maintaining, or operating the gauge. Never touch the unshielded tip of the source rod with your bare hands. The dose rates on contact with the source rod tip can result in exposures exceeding the annual dose limits to the skin of the extremities within a short time period (about 1 hour).
If you do not hear a click when the gauge is raised to the SAFE position, look at the bottom of the gauge to verify that the tungsten sliding block is completely closed. If the gauge base opening is not completely closed by the sliding block, the sliding block may require cleaning. Refer to page A–11 for cleaning instructions. Do not store or transport the gauge unless the sliding block is completely closed. Increased radiation levels may cause excessive personnel radiation exposure and may violate transportation regulations. When preparing a test site, use the drill rod assembly to drill the test hole. Under no circ*mstances should the source rod of the gauge be used to drill holes. Do not tamper with or modify the gauge. Also, do not remove the sealed source from the gauge. Tampering with or modifying the gauge or removing the sealed source can be dangerous. Such actions are illegal unless authorized by your radioactive materials license.
Model 3430 Plus & 3440 Plus
Appendix A–17
A. RADIATION THEORY
When not taking readings, always keep the source rod in the SAFE (shielded) position. For added user safety, the source rod automatically retracts to the SAFE position when the gauge is lifted by the handle.
RADIATION PROFILE Table A–1 shows the radiation profile for the gauge. The table lists the radiation dose equivalent rates (in mrem/hour) for each side of the gauge and transport case shown in Figure A–4.
TOP LEFT SIDE
BACK
FRONT BOTTOM
RIGHT SIDE
GAUGE LEFT SIDE
TOP BACK
BOTTOM FRONT RIGHT SIDE
TRANSPORT CASE Figure A–4. Gauge and Transport Case Appendix A–18
Table A–1. Radiation Profile for Gauge (Dose Rate in Millirems per Hour)
Total
Gamma
Neutron
Total
Gamma
Neutron
Total
1m
Neutron
30 cm
Gamma
5 cm
Back
9
0.6
9.6
1.4
0.2
1.6
0.3
0.05
0.3
Right Side
4
0.3
4.3
1.6
0.1
1.7
0.3
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